Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years Essay Example Essay Example

Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Example Paper Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years Essay Introduction There is indeed no single reason for the rise of fascism in many of the European countries on the inter-war years period. For fascism to not merely emerge but flourish and succeed there were necessary cultural, political, social, economic and international factors which needed to exist and combine together. No single factor is of crucial importance by itself, only as it converged with other influences. It was in these particular circumstances that the emergence of fascism can be explained. After the First World War, there is no doubt that in almost all European states there were movements showing distinct fascist tendencies. With similar ideologies, they rejected the democratic ideas of parliament, and opposed the organized working class and ideas of socialism. They cried out for submission to discipline, authority and an important sense of community. These violently nationalistic movements were at first small sects; indeed some of them remained so. It was in Italy, in 1922 when the fascists seized power and after the 1929 Great Depression that in 1933 Hitler was able to establish the most brutal of fascist regimes; only in Italy and Germany did fascism have truly mass successful and powerful regimes, elsewhere they remained uninfluential movements. Culturally, the emergence of movements displaying fascist tendencies in the majority of European states in the inter-war years can be partly explained by the huge appeal and extensive ‘roots’ of fascist ideology. The fascist movements had much in common in their ideology, so much that they were indeed able to borrow from each other. Behind the stereotypical fascism defined by brutality and violence there lay a coherent body of thought, which had developed from intellectual movements from the late 19th century onwards. It resulted in a fascist ideology that was elusive, drawing from the right and from the left, which was neither capitalist nor communist, yet sought to create a radical ‘Third way.â €™ This strong body of ideas clarifies the ability of fascism to appeal to not merely violent activists, but intellectuals such as the philosophers Giovanni Gentile and Martin Heidegger. The strength of the body of ideas of fascism was crucial, for these ideas mattered: providing inspiration and shaping action. Part of the fascist ideology was the powerful myth of the nation and the race. This took the form of venerating the past: the dominant Roman Empire, the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands, and also took the form of the aim of territorial expansion in the quest for a Greater Italy or a Greater Germany. Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Body Paragraphs The ‘roots’ of certain ideas of fascism can be traced back to various intellectual movements from the nineteenth century. The Enlightenment ushered in an era of modernity emphasizing liberal ideology, individualism, the constitutional state and the philosophy of laissez-faire. Fascism became the antithesis of all these ideas, a backlash to the ideas of ‘modernity.’ Yet fascism was both a product and reaction to the Enlightenment, for it gave rise to the radical ideas such as the thought that violence was sometimes necessary to purge the existing order and that the will of the people could be incorporated by a mass-based form of politics. There was also the emergence of ideas of reason and rationalist thought in the sciences, with the eugenics and Darwinism highlighting the need for the state to take on the role of selection. It has been perceived that segments of the middle-classes in some countries felt acutely threatened by the major economic, social and p olitical upheavals being generated by modernization, and so retreated into the ideology of radical nationalism. The appeal of fascism was broadened with the use of their key metaphor of rebirth, it was flexible enough to appeal to different varieties of nationalism, for essentially it had the advantage of hiding whether something was essentially old or new. Fascism developed essentially in the central European areas such as Germany, Italy, Austria and Hungary, for they were most affected by these cultural and intellectual trends. Fascism had varying degrees of impact outside greater central Europe for elsewhere fascism was more successfully counter-balanced by opposing cultural influences. France was perhaps one of the most obvious areas for fascist movement to succeed, particularly as many of the concepts and intellectuals originated in France, yet in France the overall sense of crisis was less acute and other elements counterbalanced fascism. Once again, it is clear that for a fas cist movement to fully emerge and succeed all political, economic, cultural and social variables combined were vital. Politically, there are many factors which collectively give rise to the emrergence of fascism, including: the importance of national political traditions, the emergence of the ‘new’ states, divions within the present political system, the existence of the threat from the left and the necessity of efficient leadership and the existence of a fascist role model. It is crucial to study fascism within different national contexts, for national political traditions certainly played their part in molding the fascist movements that emerged. Political traditions in different nations could not only encourage but also defuse fascism. The French republican belief in Liberty, Equality and Fraternity and Britain’s emphasis on individual rights and constitutional, parliamentary government indeed failed to encourage fascism. The seventeenth century English Revolut ion was vital in consolidating parliamentary government, and the rise of Protestantism with its sense of rights and tolerance provided a foundation stone of national identity. Along with the emergence of elected local government after the 1880s, which encouraged the development of two mass political parties, Britain was not the most fertile ground for fascism to develop. Germany and Italy’s political history however, could be perceived to have encouraged Fascism. Germany had a strong Romantic tradition of nationalism, producing a longing for strong leadership and a sense of community. There was also the German tendency to define citizenship in terms of blood, which reinforced the growth of anti-Semitism. Italy was finally reunited as a state in 1870, before then she had been merely a geographical expression, yet she was still divided socially. It is clear that fascism was by all means far more successful in the comparatively new European states, formed in the 1860s and 1870s such as Italy, Germany, Austria and Hungary. These states had late-developing political systems, and had failed to achieve empire and status. It was during the period that these newly established states were making the transition to a liberal democracy, often that they had just recently made this transition. It ensured that liberal democracy in these counties was indeed unconsolidated. These sufficient conditions seemed necessary for movements of fascism to emerge and flourish. Fragmentations, divisions or polarization within a country’s political system was also a clear requirement for fascism. Fascism certainly had far less impact in countries such as Britain, France and the Low Countries, which had stable party systems and hence remained largely immune to fascism. Generally fascist movements appeared to emerge in countries where there was a real or even perceived threat from the left. In Romania, even though the communist party had been effectively suppressed there was sti ll the presence of a communist threat, for she now shared a new border with the Soviet Union and hence anti-communism remained a significant factor in Romanian political affairs. Hungary was the only country outside the Soviet Union that had been briefly ruled by a revolutionary communist regime. This exacerbated anti-communion and anti-left ideas, the sting of the communist regime still taunted Hungarian politics for the next generation. Germany was the home of possibly the strongest communist party in Europe that was outside of the Soviet Union. Communism was indeed always perceived as a serious threat by many of the Germans. These conditions helped to create an atmosphere where only a radical non-leftist movement such as fascism could appeal, rally social discontent and flourish. The authoritarian principles of fascism necessitated strong, effective leadership for it to succeed. Indeed the more successful the movement, the more important the character and strength of the leader. This factor can help to illustrate why certain fascist movements were perhaps not more successful for not all of the fascist leaders in the inter-war years period were charismatic and efficient. Ferenc Szalasi of Hungary is possibly one of the best negative examples. A strong leader was certainly a factor in determining the success of the movement. There is no debate regarding the manipulative, calculating and efficient character of Hitler, and the tremendous frenzied impact he was known to have on the crowds at mass rallies. Fascist ideology certainly played upon the myth of the leader, who was indeed venerated like a Saint, he was God-given and had super-human qualities. The impact of the existence abroad of a fascist role model should certainly not be underestimated. Foreign examples of fascism indeed encouraged the majority of movements, except for those in Germany and Italy, which provided the role model. Only in Germany in Italy did fascist movements develop entirely on their own. This perhaps also explains the further success of the movements in Germany and Italy, for not only did they develop on their own but also it ensured that the roots of their fascist movements were more deeply embedded. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? 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The US was justified in Dropping the atomic bomb. essays

The US was justified in Dropping the atomic bomb. essays On August 6, 1945, the eighth largest city in Japan, Hiroshima suffered an extremely sepulchral day. The United States had unleashed Little Boy. Little Boy was an extremely powerful, atomic bomb. Little Boy had killed some 80,000 people in the city of Hiroshima (Hoare 18-20). Three days later an analogous situation had occurred in the Japanese city of Nagasaki . This atomic bomb, Fat Man, had killed another 100,000 people (Hoare 18-20). Many people were killed and many others were injured. Some believe that the dropping of the atomic bombs was inhumane, but these people do not realize what could have been lost if World War II would have continued any longer. The United States had been fighting this massive war since 1941. Despite these lurid occurrences, the United States was justified in the dropping of the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The dropping of the atomic bombs was, and still is, an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States and all over the world. Many scientists believed that it would be immoral to drop the atomic bomb on the two Japanese cities without warning them, therefore, they began a petition (The Americans 751). Others supported a demonstration of the power of the bomb in a deserted location that the Japanese would be able to view. They believed that they could convince the Japanese to surrender (The Americans 751). Many people also believed that the United States should have chose to invade rather than drop the atomic bombs and kill 200,000 of the Japanese people. These people are ignorant to how many lives would have been lost if the United States had chose to invade. Atomic bombs produce heat millions of degrees high. They also produce visible ultraviolet and infrared rays (Stein 3). Everyone and everything exposed to the atomic blast is effected, whether i...

Essay questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Essay questions - Assignment Example Constitution were universal and should be shared with everyone. By the end of the 19th century, the Monroe Doctrine was to come into full effect in a war with the Spanish. Not only would the Americans take control of Spanish possessions in the Caribbean such as Cuba, Puerto Rica, and other islands, but as the war expanded so would the remit of the Monroe Doctrine. The United States would gain control of the Philippines, far from its own shore, and attempt to remake the Spanish colonialism political system in its own image. The result would be a bloody conflict fought with Filipino insurgents that would take America many years to quell. Following the American victory over Spain and the taking of the Philippines, there was a great deal of tension between the U.S. and the locals. This came to a head in 1899 when American soldiers shot some Filipinos. Things quickly got out of hand with both sides raising armies and fighting conventional wars. The Americans rapidly defeated the convention Filipino forces, killing two of their best generals and pacifying many of the urban areas. During this period, the President appointed distinguished Americans to investigate conditions in the Philippines and report back on ways to improve the administration of the country. The first Commission’s report was a rejoinder to those who argued America had no place in Southeast Asia: Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through American occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and

The Apprentice TV Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Apprentice TV Program - Assignment Example The shortlisted contestants live communally in a suite at Trump Tower in New York City. The successful applicants become divided into two groups. The groups indulge in tasks set to stretch their creativity and business skills. Each group selects a project manager to lead them in the mission. The failing team leaves the competition. The remaining group then splits into two other groups. These undertake another task in the subsequent week. Elimination follows until three contestants remain. The competition ends with the selection of one participant who secures a one year contract in one of the business interests belonging to Donald Trump. The elimination is competitive with profitability heavily emphasized. Teams that make losses during their task face elimination. Elimination takes place in two phases. After failure, the project manager in charge of the team selects two to three people most likely to be the cause of poor performance. The other members get dismissed while the project m anager and the selected members face Trump in the boardroom where their fate awaits. Executives from selected companies interview the finalist duo from which Trump hires the apprentice. The apprentice TV program places its basis on apprenticeship. It is one of the oldest forms of work-based learning. The traditional system, however, lacked sufficiency causing variance in quality. A time-based apprenticeship presents the most benefits to both an organization and a prospective worker. It forms a strategic approach to learning in a field of work as opposed to possession of certain skills. Apprenticeship allows workers to absorb values and ideas of a field of trade. Placement into apprenticeship varies with company's policy. Some firms prefer young people straight out of school while others prefer new learners in the team (Cunningham et al, 2004, pp.62). Apprenticeship programs began way back in time. They incorporate what is learned in class with hand on experience.

Narrative paper about Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative paper about - Essay Example I could not wait for the heady rush of adrenalin, the wind whistling past my face, deafening me a little and making my eyes tear up, and the sheer energy that a pair of screeching wheels can bring. Most grown men love speed, but youngsters can be addicted to it. Mopeds were glamorous at the time, and in my mind's eyes I met a hundred admiring glances. In those times, renting a bike was a breeze, you did not need a license, proof of age, paperwork or insurance. If you could put money on the table, the bike could be yours for the day. I took myself to the nearest rental, and was immediately able to get my hands on what I thought a handsome blue mount. It was not able to exceed 40 miles an hour, but that did not deter me from pushing it to its limit. I was lost in my hour of glory, speeding along without a care in the world and a tune on my lips. As it happened, I should have been paying more attention. Because all of a sudden there appeared a small boy from nowhere and dashed across the road. Everything around me stopped for that moment, and went into an excruciatingly slow motion. I knew I was going to hit the kid before I actually did, but there was nothing I could do to stop it. My hands were paralyzed in the shock of the moment and did not make it to the hand brake on time.

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay The transport service is implemented by a transport protocol used between two transport entities. The transport protocol have to deal with error control, sequencing, and flow control. UDP is a simple protocol and it has some niche uses, such as client-server interactions and multimedia, but for the most Internet applications, reliable, sequenced delivery is needed.UDP cannot provide this, so another protocol is required. It is called TCP and is the main workhouse of the internet. THE TCP SERVICE MODEL: TCP service is obtained by both the sender and receiver creating end points, called sockets. A socket may be used for multiple connections at the same time. All TCP connections are full duplex and point to point. Full duplex means that the traffic can go in both directions at the same time. Point-to-point connection contains exactly two end points. Another feature of the TCP service is URGENT DATA. When the urgent data are received at the destination. The receiving application is interrupted so it can stop whatever it was doing and read the data stream to find the urgent data. The start of the urgent data is not marked while the end is marked so the application knows when it is over. This scheme basically provides a crude signaling. THE TCP PROTOCOL: A key feature of TCP, and one which dominates the protocol design, is that every byte on a TCP connection has its own 32-bit sequencer. When the internet began, the lines between routers were mostly 56-kbps leased lines, so a host blasting away at full speed took over 1 week to cycle through the sequence numbers. Separate 32-bit sequence numbers are used for acknowledgements and for the window mechanism. The sending and receiving TCP entities exchange data in the form of segments. What should a segment have? 1.Each segment including the TCP header, must fit in the 65,515-bytes IP payload. 2.Each network has a maximum transfer unit, or MTU, and each segment must fit in the MTU. THE TCP SEGMENT HEADER: The following is the dissection of TCP header field by field. The Source port and Destination port fields identify the local end points of the connection. The source port number is of 16 bits and indentifies the sending host TSAP(client port number). The destination port number is of 16 bits and is used to identify the receiver host TSAP(server port number). The sequence number is of 32 bits size. Since TCP supports Byte-stream, in which each byte is numbered, big space is allocated for numbering i.e.(2 power 32=4096 million).With the help of these numbers only ,one can be able to differentiate the old delayed duplicate with fresh ones. The acknowledgement number is of 32 bits size. It specifies the next byte expected. The length of TCP header is of 4 bits size and indicates the number of rows. Next comes a 6-bit field that is UNUSED. The fact that this field has survived intact for over a quarter of a century is testimony to how well thought out TCP is. Lesser protocols would have needed it to fix bugs in the original design. Six 1-bit flags: 1. URG is set to 1 if the urgent flag pointer is in use. 2. The ACK bit is set to 1 to indicate that the acknowledgement number is valid. If ACK is 0, the segment does not contain an acknowledgement so the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER is ignored. 3. The PSH bit indicates pushed data. 4. The RST bit is used to reset a connection that has become confused due to a host crash or some other reason. It is also used to reject an invalid segment or refuse an attempt to open a connection. In general, if you get a segment with the RST bit on, you have problem on your hands. 5. The SYN bit is Synchronization flag. It is used to establish connections. The connection request has SYN=1 and ACK=0 to indicate that the piggyback acknowledgement field is not in use. The connection reply does bear an acknowledgement, so it has SYN=1 and ACK=1. 6. The FIN bit is finish flag. It is used to release a connection. It specifies that the sender has no more data to transmit. CHECKSUM: A checksum is also provided for extra reliability. It checks the header, the data and the conceptual pseudoheader. When performing this computation, the TCP Checksum field is set to zero and the data field is padded out with an additional zero byte if its length is an odd number. PSEUDOHEADER: The pseudoheader contains the 32-bit IP addresses of the source and destination machines, the protocol number for TCP (6), and the byte count for the TCP segment. Including the pseudoheader in the TCP checksum computation helps detect misbelieved packets. TCP CONNECTION MANAGEMENT MODELING: The steps required to establish and release connections can be represented in a finite state machine with the 11 states listed below. In each state, certain events are legal .when a legal event happens, some action may be taken. If some other event happens, an error is reported. State Description CLOSED No connection is active or pending LISTEN The server is waiting for an incoming call SYN, RCVD A connection request has arrived: wait for ACK SYN SENT The application has started to open a connection ESTABLISH The normal data transfer state FIN WAIT 1 The application has said it is finished FIN WAIT 2 The other side has agreed to release TIMED WAIT Wait for all packets to die off CLOSING Both sides have tried to close simultaneously CLOSING WAIT The other side has initiated a release LAST ACK Wait for all packets to die off Each connection starts in the CLOSED state. When it performs either a passive open {LISTEN}, or an active open {CONNECT}, it leaves the state. If the other side does the opposite one, a connection is established and the state becomes ESTABLISHED. Connection release can be initiated by either side. The state returns to CLOSED, after it is completed. Description of the figure: The heavy solid line is the normal path for a client. The heavy dashed line is the normal path for a server. The light lines are unusual events. Each transition is labeled by the event causing it and the action resulting from it, separated by a slash. The event can either be a user à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬initiated system call {CONNECT, LISTEN, SEND or CLOSE}, a segment arrival [SYN, FIN, ACK or RST}, or in one case, a timeout of twice the maximum packet lifetime. The action is the sending of a control segment {SYN, FIN or RST} or nothing, indicated by -.Comments is shown in parentheses. Figure: TCP connection management finite state machine. TCP TRANSMISSION POLICY: Windows Management in TCP is not directly tied to acknowledgements as it is in most data link protocols. If the sender transmits a 2048-byte segment that is correctly received, the receiver will acknowledge the segment. However, since it now has only 2048 bytes of buffer space (until the application removes some data from the buffer), it will advertise a window of 2048 starting at the next byte expected. The window management in TCP is shown in the following figure. Now the sender transmits another 2048 bytes, which are acknowledged, but the advertised window is 0. The sender must stop until the application process on the receiving host has removed some data from the buffer, at which time TCP can advertise a larger window. Senders are not required to transmit data as soon as they come in from the application. When the first 2 KB of data came in, TCP, knowing that it had a 4 KB window available, would have been completely correct in just buffering the data until another 2KB came in, to be able to transmit a segment with a 4KB payload. This freedom can be exploited to improve performance. On the following grounds the sender com still send segments upon receiving the win=0(window size) or (buffer available). When the window=0;the sender may not normally send segments, with two exceptions i)URGENT DATA MAY BE SENT To allow the user to kill the process running on the remote machine. ii)The sender may send a 1byte segment to make the receiver re-announce the next byte expected and window size. SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME: To transmit 1byte of message TCP overhead 20 bytes, IP are required.In other words just to transmit 1 byte, extra 40 Bytes are required. Whenever there is a 1 byte room available at the receiver buffer, the window update segment is sent. Since the receiver is requested for 1 byte the sender sends 1 byte which leads to the receiver buffer to be full over again. Asking for 1 Byte and sending 1 byte appears to be silly, hence the name silly window syndrome. To avoid Silly window syndrome, Nagle suggested NAGLES APPROACH: When the data comes to the sender 1 byte at a time, just send the first Byte and buffer, all the rest until the outstanding Byte is acknowledged. Then send all the buffered characters in one 1 TCP segment and start buffering again until they are all acknowledged. Nagles approach cannot be implemented for all applications. In particular, when as X-windows application is being run over the internet, mouse movements have to be sent to the remote computer. Gathering them and sending them in bursts makes the mouse cursor more erratically, which makes users dissatisfied. CLARKS ALGORITHM: This approach is to prevent the receiver from sending a window update for 1byte instead, it is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available and then advertise that. Nagles algorithm is with respect to sender and Clarkà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s algorithm with respect to solve Silly window syndrome. The overall goal is for the sender not to send small segments and the receiver not to ask for them. TCP CONGESTION CONTROL: When the load offered to any network is more than it can handle, congestion builds up. The Internet is no exception. Although network layer also tries to manage congestion, most of the heavy lifting is done by TCP because the real solution to congestion is to slow down the data rate. In theory, congestion can be dealt with by employing a principle borrowed from physics: the law of conservation of packets. The idea is to refrain from injecting a new packet into the network until an old one leaves.TCP attempts to achieve this goal by dynamically manipulating the window size. The first step in managing congestion is detecting it. A timeout caused by a lost packet could have been caused by either (1) noise on a transmission line or (2) packet discard at a congested router. Nowadays, packet loss due to transmission errors is relatively rare because most long-haul trunks are fiber. All the Internet TCP algorithms assume that timeouts are caused by congestion and monitor timeouts for signs of trouble the way miners watch their canaries. TCP TIMER MANAGEMENT: TCP uses multiple timers to do its work. The most important of these is the retransmission timer. When a segment is sent, a retransmission timer is started. If the segment is acknowledged before the timer expires, the timer is stopped. If, on the other hand, the timer goes off before the acknowledgement comes in, and the segment is retransmitted. A second timer is the persistence timer. It is designed to prevent the following deadlock. The receiver sends an acknowledgement with a window size of 0, telling the sender to wait.Later, the receiver updates the window, but the packet with the update is lost. Now both the sender and the receiver are waiting for each other to do something. When the persistence timer goes off, the sender transmits a probe to the receiver. The response to the probe gives the window size. If it is still zero, the persistence timer is set again and the cycle repeats. If it is nonzero, data can now be sent. A third timer that some implementations use is the keep alive timer. When a connection has been idle for a long time, the keep alive timer may go off to cause one side to check whether the other side is still here. If it fails to respond, the connection is terminated. This feature is controversial because it adds overhead and may terminate an otherwise healthy connection due to transient network partition. The last timer used on each TCP connection is the one used in the TIMED WAIT state while closing. It runs for twice the maximum packet lifetime to make sure that when a connection is closed; all packets created by it have died off.

Microsoft: Trust or Antitrust? :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Microsoft: Trust or Antitrust? "Oh, come on, just trust me." Those six simple words have been the pleadings of many when, for whatever reason, they find themselves in a situation, where others don't give their actions or claims any credibility. They have nothing left to fall upon, except the hope that they can be thought of as trustworthy, and that others are willing to give them an opportunity. This is the situation Microsoft has found itself in, and in response, they have launched "Trustworthy Computing," a campaign to help gain credibility and respect in the marketplace. Why, you might ask, is a company that controls 90 percent of its market worried about public perception? Why would such a major influence in the computer industry shut down production of new software, in an attempt to correct countless errors? Why did Bill Gates hire Wieden and Kennedy, the advertising agency that gave us such things as the Nike Swoosh, to change Microsoft's public image? It is because the people at Microsoft have realized that consumers use their software not because they want to, but because they have no other choice. As I sit here writing my paper in Microsoft Word, listening to a CD play in Windows Media Player, surfing the internet for sources in Microsoft Internet Explorer, all parts of my Windows XP setup, it might seem that Microsoft has itself entrenched in my life and that of the computer industry. Yet, the powers that be at Microsoft aren't just sitting around watching their MS Office licensing fees come in, they've sounded the alarm. "There must have been a moment of crisis, either they were feeling insecure, or Microsoft was putting pressure on them," Erik Adigard, a former consultant for Microsoft, suggests. The root of the problem may be, as Sara Basse observed, "Programmers and system designers are often overconfident too, and do not give enough thought to the potential consequences of errors or poor design." Those oversights are the reason that Microsoft shut down most of its production of programs, and instead shifted resources to correct bugs and errors in pre-existing programs. One might then, wonder why Microsoft has sold programs with errors, and instead of taking the time to correct the mistakes of past versions, they have moved on to completely new concepts. It appears that Microsoft has gotten the message from its consumers. They have begun unprecedented disclosures of their codes to their competitors, so that they are better able to integrate their programs into Windows.

Helping Others

Helping others can be very rewarding and beneficial to both parties. After going to the Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting and Our Community Place (OCP), I have realized the benefits of helping others and I have gained new perspectives on others. While I was there I met some very interesting people that might not have the best lives but they know how to make the best of what they have. I felt like I gained some knowledge and insight on different things and it made me feel good to help them out.In my lifetime I feel as though I have overcome many obsticles and accomplished many goals and as I looked around at others that were less fortunate than me I became even more thankful and more willing to help others. It made me feel good to see others happier and to make their day and things a little better. On Sunday night my roommate and I went to the Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting in a building downtown Harrisonburg called the Club with my friend Joseph. The place did not look like a club where you party at but it looked like just a normal building with a lot of cars there.If you drove by you would not know that it was an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting location. When I first went in I did not expect to see that there were so many normal people in there. This place seems like a place that you have to go to when you are in trouble and have nothing else to do. There was a range of people from my age to elderly people. The people that looked like they had the most trouble were the older people and the younger ones were in there because they might have been more curious of what goes on in the meetings. The open meetings are a place where anyone can go to get help or support others.I went with my friend for support and to gain knowledge about the truth behind alcoholism and to see what it’s like in real life versus the movies and television. It was very different from what I expected. I wasn’t expecting such real problems and people in the situations. I feel like in rea l life people don’t go through all these bad things due to that I see it happen so much in everyday life that everyone lives as actors and goes home to a normal life and not this sad, difficult problem. The largest part of the meeting was support orientated and sharing stories, struggles and success.I got to hear how they got there and what they are doing to stay strong. The stories that were told were confidential and very heart breaking. It made alcohol seem like such a controlling substance that can become deadly if used too much or in large amounts at one time. Alcohol is never seen as being bad or controlling until people start binge drinking and it gets out of hand and we need help. I feel that if college kids would listen to some of the situations and the real struggles of others then they would feel less obligated to get drunk all the time.Some of these people have hit rock bottom and you could see who they really were and the struggles they went through. There were m any different stories on how they got to where they were and what pushed them to go the right way. Some were their kids and families or someone who took the time to help them and show them things could get better. There were a few parents there that wanted more information about how the kids in this generation were abusing alcohol so they knew what to look for in their own children. This type of meeting for the community is very helpful due to that everything is confidential and you can get help for free.I feel like if I could change something about the meeting is making it so that you don’t have to say your name in the beginning because it makes people seem insecure about themselves. Our community Center us a place for those to go who could need help in a variety of ways. Some see it as a church or a counseling center. It is a place to go for enjoyment and help. They provide food and exercising as well as plays, activities or talent shows. The shelter is a place for homeless people in the city and a place for them to pray and seek religious insight.The leader of the OCP is Ron Copland and is a great supporter and motivator for this shelter. He wants everyone to feel closer and equal. He has had many great ideas to make this place a successful shelter and made him a respectable leader and achiever. He is extremely dedicated and spends most of his time and money into this volunteer only facility. He is a very inspirational man and has done so much in his lifetime to help others that time I was there I wanted to help and show my gratitude and respect for all he has done. He is a wonderful man and he has succeeded in life.The OCP is a group that uses caring experiences and working together to help others. Recovering alcoholics and current alcoholics come here to work together and keep busy while trying to get over their problem. They use agriculture and other jobs to show them how to move on and work together. They use a program called OCM which is our com munity works. They learn to work with each other versus doing it all alone. The center does many activities and programs to get everyone involved and help them run these programs and volunteers like my self help keep this wonderful place in the right direction.When I went to the center there was a talent show. Everyone there had a job to do for the show to be put on. They were people from little kids to older adults and they all worked together like they were best friends who know each other forever. OCP is an effective program that is steadily spreading to more individuals. It brings not only people without homes together but those people of the community. It makes us thankful for what we have and realize they are real people. We don’t see homeless people we see every day plain-Jane citizens.We see our community in new light. Each Program had its own approach to the problem at hand. The alcoholics anonymous meeting was depressing and awkward. People were sad and uncomfortabl e and no one sounded like they wanted to be there. The OCP was much more upbeat and happy. I feel that it is a much better way to get over alcoholism. It gives you activities to keep your mind off drinking and keeps you happy. I would rather forget about a drink than talk about it in an awkward group meeting. I think MR.Copland was onto something when he opened the OCP. But just like any idea it may not work for everyone. Both of these situations have shown me another side of the tracks. Both community programs help others and have me a different perspective on alcoholics and their situations. Hearing their stories was very sad and I could not imagine what they go through. Mr. Copland and his hard work made me inspired to work to help others. He has helped so many people and it felt good to show people that they are equal and can get their problems taken care of.

Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Essays

Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Essays Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Paper Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Paper The family lays a central role in socialisation, but it is not the only central influence. Influence by the family on the individual may be changed through interaction with peers. By having peers individuals open themselves to alternative points of view which may have a considerable influence on the individuals attitude. (Manheim, 1982: 78). Over time peer groups may become the dominant socializing force for the individual. (Manheim, 1982: 77) Manheim states that peer-group socialization is politically vital in three ways: it gives the individual social control through which the parents value systems can be challenged this results in social change, secondly it not only motivates the individual to question his value systems , but it also offers the individual with competing models of reality, lastly peer groups can make the broad concept of politics meaningful. (Manheim, 1982: 80) Through the analysis of peer-group social influence it is clear that the colleagues first point is valid, as peer-group interaction influences political socialization way beyond childhood. Interpersonal sources of political socialization are not the only institutional sources also exist. The most important institutional agent is the school. The teacher creates a learning culture to which the student will aspire. (Manheim, 1982:81) Schooling is an instrument for training the student in political roles and civic responsibilities; it is therefore a potent force in the political development of the individual. Schooling is not the only influence. At an elder age students at college can question their dominant values trough the further development of their critical capabilities. (Manheim, 1982:83-84) Beyond education on a tertiary level is the socialization that occurs in the military, labour unions, church groups and political organisations. These organisations show the validity of the colleagues advice in point one. Mass media is also a major agent in political socialization. Mass media provides various forms of politically relevant information to the individual at virtually every stage of the life cycle, encounters with information have a significant impact on the perceptions of political reality that individuals have. Mass media has an influence on individuals as long as media images are seen by the individual. The majority of people are opinion followers who are guided by the opinion leaders. This instrument of socialization occurs mainly beyond the childhood years. (Manheim, 1982: 87-89). In the above analysis of the agents of political socialization an underlying argument was not addressed, this was the contrast between the primacy and recency models. The primacy model states that fundamental attitudes and values are formed early in life and these values remain as the basic foundation on which adults perceive their environment. (Manheim, 1982: 90) The recency model argues that people do not have the cognitive skills required for political activity until their adolescence, therefore the most recent learning that is the most politically relevant. ( Manheim, 1982: 90) The recency model is the equivalent of the advice that the colleague gave, do not focus only on learning amongst children. In conclusion with point one from the colleague, early political learning is more important when dealing with politics as a fact of life, later political learning which is more cognitive is most important when dealing with politics as a part of life. ( Manheim, 1982: 90) Political socialisation is seen as a continuous process, going beyond childhood. (Kavanagh:39) The trickle down approach to learning: The traditional hierarchical top-down trickle effect is based on four assumptions. Assumption one: children acquire civic orientations through modelling and direct attitude control. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) Top down believers support the view that children will adopt the same orientations evident in parents. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) The belief is based on the fact that children will adapt themselves to the image of their parents characteristics. Assumption two: Political influence flows downward only, from societal institutions to children. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) This assumption did not take the reciprocal into account. Assumption three: Adults may be agents in political socialization but are themselves unlikely to change. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:284) This assumption disregards socialization in adulthood, and the changes that occur through marriage and offspring. Assumption four: Socialization to politics should be conceptualized and measured as individual behaviour. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:285) This assumption is limited as measurements can not be limited to the mind of a single person without taken into account shared experiences. Trickle-up Socialization There is a large amount of data that proves the above theory wrong. The data shows that when children and teenagers increase there political involvement parents simultaneously increase their political involvement. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:287) This simultaneous movement is the result of information seeking, opinion formation and concept-orientated communication. The article by McDevitt and Chaffee is conclusive in showing that children do influence parental growth, before during and after discussion with a child. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:289) The table on page 289 clearly shows the influence that a child has on the parent, through behavioural, cognitive and affective activities. The above mentioned article also clarifies political socialization during the family life cycle. This shows the implications that external stimuli have on political communication in the home. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:293)What is clarified in this article is that the chid-parent relationship continuously restructures itself; these changes create social inversions. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:294). The above argument shows that through child initiated discussion parents increase their civic competence, increase their news media use, knowledge gain, and opinion formation. The parents increase in civil competence may be seen as an effort to maintain the leadership role in the family. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:281). Conclusion: In the above it was shown that political socialization is the process by which individuals learn about politics. (Kavanagh: 34) The realisation that political socialisation is the legitimating of inequalities in society and that this occurs in a trickle-down and a trickle-up line of socialisation. Through this light the colleagues advice must be concurred upon. Only with the extensive knowledge given above on the agents of political socialisation could the question be answered. When looking at how South Africans learn about politics it must be stated that the colleague was correct, and with his advice a true understanding of political socialization in South Africa can be attained. Bibliography: Kavanagh, D. 1983. Political Science and Political Behaviour. Nottingham: George Allen and Unwin. Manheim, J. B. 1982. The Politics Within. Longman: s. n. McDevitt, M. and Chaffee, S. 2002. From Top-Down to Trickle-Up Influence: Revisiting Assumptions About the Family in Political Socialization. Colorado: Taylor and Francis. 2 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Social Work section.

Fiscal Policy Paper Essays - Fiscal Policy, Free Essays, Term Papers

Fiscal Policy Paper Essays - Fiscal Policy, Free Essays, Term Papers Fiscal Policy Paper Instructor Sam Pirnazar ECO/372 July 27, 2015 Introduction Here we will discuss as a group of like minds how and why the USs deficits surplus and debt have an effect on tax payers and future social security and Medicare users. Now in many cases deficit can affect multitudes while a surplus creates positive results for those on the receiving end. As you may know debt requires the liability to be paid or the liability in some cases it may be repossessed or rendered bad credit to the individual. Now while Americans face issues with debt, surplus, and even deficit it is important to know that the United States deals with it first hand as well. Several areas the three topics affect include tax payers, unemployed, Social Security, Medicare, imports, exports, and the GDP. A synopsis of Team Bs discussion of the topics follows, however in this reading we will focus on Taxpayers, fyture social security and Medicare users. Tax payers Fiscal deficit means government expenditure exceeds its revenue in any particular year. All taxpayers are affected by U.S.'s deficit and debt. Higher government debt crowds out private investment in the form of higher taxes and inflation. Higher debt raises several question marks on government ability to repay it. Due to higher debt levels, risk premium increases, which leads to rise in interest rates. High interest rates negatively interest rate sensitive sectors of the economy such as real estate, consumer durable. High government deficit results in increasing US debt. In order to reduce the current deficit, government hikes tax rate on taxpayers. High debt and fiscal deficit affect US taxpayers in the form of tax hikes, high interest rate on debt, reduced social security benefits/programs and weakening of currency. The overall effect of all these measures results in lower purchasing power of taxpayers and they are left with less money to invest or spend. Fiscal surplus means government revenue exceeds its expenditure in any particular year. When the government runs surplus, it positively affect taxpayers. There are differing ways in which government could spend surplus money. The surplus money could be used to repay debt. Government can decide to issue tax refund to taxpayers or government can increase its spend on social security benefits and programs. The overall effect of all these measures results in higher purchasing power of taxpayers and they could spend or invest more money. Future Social Security and Medicare users The meaning of deficit is defined as, the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small. The meaning of surplus is defined as, the amount of something leftover when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand. The meaning of debt is defined as, something that is, typically money, owed or overdue. Now that the terms are in order and understood, the answers to how and why can now be addressed. The reason that the United States deficit, surplus, and debt effect future Social Security users is the following; according to "The Medicare Newsgroup" (2015), "Medicare significantly contributes to the federal budget deficit only through its general revenue financing under its Medicare Medical Insurance (Part B) program. Its outlays financed under its Medicare Hospital Insurance (Part A) or by individual premiums are features of the programs expenditures, but do not show up in federal budget calculations (para. 1). Social Security is currently running a surplus, due to all of its revenue figures that get combined and calculated determining the payroll taxes, trust fund interest, and income taxes earned from some of the Social Security benefits (Morrissey, 2011). According to the Economic Policy Institute, Morrissey (2011), "The trust fund, which currently has $2.6 trillion dollars, is projected to grow to around $3.7 trillion in 2022. But once Social Security starts drawing down the principle in the trust fund to help pay for the Baby Boomer retirement, Social Security will be running a deficit. Also, Social Security is currently running a primary deficit, which means it would be running a deficit absent the interest on the trust fund. (Is Social Security running a deficit?). Conclusion Reference Morrissey, M. (2011). Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved from epi.org/blog/social-security-federal-deficit-part-1/ The Medicare Newsgroup. (2015). Retrieved from medicarenewsgroup.com/news/medicare-faqs/individual-faq?faqId=69028cf0-2ab2-453e-a43d-5f143debc68c How our national debt hurts our economy. (n.d.). Retrieved July

Project Management Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management Tools - Essay Example This essay explores that the common elements are interrelated and any change in one has an effect on the other two. Microsoft Project excels on these elements as whenever any change in project is done using Microsoft Project, the affect of those changes will be visible through Microsoft Project's graphical presentation of your project. This discussion declares that Project Management Templates help to manage projects more successfully. More than 50 pre-completed project management forms, templates, documents and processes will help a Project Manager to save time, reduce cost and improve the quality of projects. Microsoft Project is program developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist project managers in developing plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analyzing workloads. Open Project is an open source clone of Microsoft Project 98, which is built for Linux and Unix Systems. It is a powerful application that can be used to efficiently plan, manage, and communicate project information. It can be used to handle dynamic scheduling, manage multiple projects and resources, and support better communication. It makes easy to organize, track and manage project details. The New consolidation and schedule-building help you plan more efficiently, keeping your projects on t rack and within budget. FastTrack Schedule delivers descriptive project snapshots that are sure to make an impact with clients and project managers.

Memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memorandum - Essay Example There are three candidates waiting for the heart transplant. The first candidate is Jerry, who has 3 teenage daughters studying and an unemployed wife. He is the bread winner in the family and is 5 years short of his retirement eligibility. His chances of living after a heart surgery will be 10-15 years. The second candidate is a 12 year old girl named Lisa. Her father works in the same hospital and offered to donate or give $2 Million dollars if the heart will be transplanted to Lisa. Lisa suffered 12 years of lifelong health issues and her chances of living after the surgery are not good. The hospital needed money to finish the construction of the specialized facilities that could help a lot of patients. The third candidate is Ozzie who happens to be a 38 years old homeless drug abuser. He is single and his heart condition is due to excessive intake of cocaine. He is also a volunteer in a certain charity and is teaching and helping troubled teens and giving them insights and wisdom against drug abuse and other issues. He signed a contract in the same charity and will continue working as a counsellor-mentor if he will get the transplant. Ethics is defined as the study of right or wrong conduct which focuses on moral situation (Ruggiero, 2008). In the situation above we can definitely say that making the decision on granting the heart transplant to only one of the three candidates is very difficult. There are a lot of things to consider. At first, when evaluating the three candidates, my feelings deeply sympathize for Jerry. Jerry is the most suitable candidate to get the transplant because he is the one which has the highest chances of living years and he has 4 family members who will be benefited. His 3 children need his support for their education and his wife is unemployed. But in making an ethical decision, feelings such as sympathy are not reliable for analysing moral issues (Ruggiero, 2008). When deciding by feelings, it is completely ignoring other people’s feelings (Ruggiero, 2008). According to J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham who are the most famous teleological ethicists, the most ethical action is the one based on utility or consequence and is the one which gives the most benefits and least harm. When making a decision on principles of utilitarianism, we should consider everyone affected by the decision. In this situation, Jerry will directly benefit 4 persons, Ozzie will benefit the troubled children and Lisa will help the hospital finish the specialized facilities and will help a lot of patients. Lisa’s condition may not be good after the heart transplant, but her father, an oncologist in the same hospital, will donate a big amount of $2 Million that wil l greatly help improve the hospital and will therefore serve and help more patients in the future. The benefit that Lisa can give is a long-term benefit to a number of patients. Granting the transplant to Lisa will definitely boost Dr. Doe’s loyalty to the hospital and his loyalty to the patients. Although Ozzie can help a lot of troubled children serving as a counsellor-mentor, his chances of recidivism to drug addiction is high. And if he