Cochlear Macro Environment Factor - 1419 Words

DUE DATE 13 April 2013 Contents Word 1086 1. ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 2. ECONOMIC FACTOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3. POLITICLA FACTOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 4. SOCIAL FACTOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 5. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 6. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 7. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 ABSTRACT Among the globalization SMEs has generated, Cochlear ltds successful business direction need to be reformed. This essay outline and estimate Australia born global companies that entitled Cochlear study on marketing†¦show more content†¦Not only this situation, In Korea, Korean War2 cannot be ruled out, even though Korea have their own firms that make cochlear implant, supplier company can be destroy therefore, Cochlear need produce to large amount of implant product. Technological factors Changing the landscape of the market, affordable hearing aids featuring recent price bubbles that may occur during the distribution process, or holding half of these on the market structure, standardized hearing aids utilizing patented technology solves the emergence of a national hearing aid company. They try to lower prices, while maintaining quality. NICS(New Industrializing countries) such as Korea, Hongkong, Brazil, Maxico, China and more have great technique and funds, therefore they are great potential threat on its market. For that reason, Cochlear reasonable price need to be adjusted and develop more quality of product. iPods player for 1 hour per day for more than five years of personal music devices greatly EU report findings were reported 5% to 10% of users wear a permanent hearing loss, if iPods player volume to 100 decibels (dB) below safety standards that limit exists which found that 5 to 10 percent of EU’s MP3 listeners as many as 10 million people-are at high risk of developing noise. (McCarthy. 2008) In other words, recently people spent more personal time with listening music, watching movie or concert through the iPod. It stack continually, earShow MoreRelatedMktg209 Research Paper1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe success of Cochlear Cochlear’s macro-environment and global marketing mix Analysis Abstract: To analyze the reason why Cochlear is successful, it is better to inspect it from a worldwide range. 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Therefore, Cochlear need to verify the macro and micro factors around the market and decide on their target market and develop a suitable marketing mix inRead MoreSwot Analysis : Strategic Management1611 Words   |  7 Pagesof planning, monitoring, analysing and assessments which are necessary to operate an organization. In the other word, it can be defined as the continue process of making decision and actions by which organization can match or fit with different environments for the most effective way to work Strategic management can be taking when one wants to make wise decisions for betterment of organization. Strategic management also give ideas about corporate governance, core competencies and helps to settingRead MoreUnderstanding the External Environment7097 Words   |  29 PagesCPA Program Global Strategy and Leadership Module 2: Understanding the external environment cpaaustralia.com.au Edition 14a Published by Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217 on behalf of CPA Australia Ltd, ABN 64 008 392 452 First published July 2010, reprinted January 2011, updated July 2011, January 2012 Reprinted with amendments July 2012, January 2013, revised edition July 2013, updated  January 2014  © CPA Australia Ltd 2014. This is an electronic version of the printedRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in theRead MoreCultural Considerations Remote or Robotic Surgery Essay4017 Words   |  17 Pagesthe technology * Political and legal influences * Economic questions and considerations * Psychological considerations and sociological effects * The technology in its cultural context, media influence * Implications for the environment * Moral and ethical implications To properly analyze the various elements of the project, research will cut across disciplines and include academic, scientific and industry sources. 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The Culture of Narcissism.Critical Book Review Essay

Critical book review: Christopher Lasch (1991) The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Expectations The culture of narcissism was widely recognised as a socio-cultural critique of American society when published in 1979. Written by Christopher Lasch, the book analyzes a social phenomenon identified by Christopher Lasch as ‘cultural narcissism’, a process by which certain attributes of the pathological branch of narcissism (Bocock, 2002) become societal characteristics (Lasch, 1991). This review will be analyzing the relevance of the book within wider sociological debate. I will argue that although the book identifies a recognisable social trend it fails to deomonstrate a specific cause or reason for that trend. The†¦show more content†¦According to Lasch we have become a society of consumers rather than producers. Marx (1844) saw humanity as creative, purposive labourers or producers, where only the private ownership of the means of production prevented humanity from producing for need rather than for the profit of the capitalist, This modus operandi means t hat late capitalism has actually robbed us of the purpose of humanity as a species. However, Lasch identified that because production of many of the goods enjoyed by western society are now produced overseas, people conceive of themselves far more as consumers rather than as producers. By taking away our capacity to produce the goods that we consume, capitalism has removed the essence of human life for Marx and left us with nothing but an ache to constantly and remorselessly consume. This only leaves us with a distinct sense of dissatisfaction and a fear of not leaving any worthy evidence of our existence (Lasch). The fear of ‘no exist’ as Lasch puts it, is a deep void that the narcissist constantly and unsuccessfully tries to fill. This fear inspired by a narcissistic culture has similarities with Ulrich Beck’s theory of modernity. Beck argues that we live in society where risk is prevalent. Most of these risks are manmade and a result of technological development, and the environmental

The Simplicity of Raymond Chandler’s the Big Sleep Free Essays

Raymond Chandler would like us to believe that The Big Sleep is just another example of hard-boiled detective fiction. He would like readers to see Philip Marlowe, Vivian Regan, Carmen Sternwood, Eddie Mars, and the rest of the characters as either â€Å"good guys† or â€Å"bad guys† with no deeper meaning or symbolism to them. I found the book simple and easy to understand; the problem was that it was too easy, too simple. We will write a custom essay sample on The Simplicity of Raymond Chandler’s the Big Sleep or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then came one part that totally stood out from the rest of the book emdash; the chessboard. Marlowe toyed with it whenever he got the chance, and it probably helped him think of a next move in a particular case. I found it odd that Chandler made such a brief mention of chess, but I did not realize why until I finished the book and had time to think about what I had read. In a very interesting sense, the entire novel resembles the game of chess. Each character is a piece, and the name of the game is survival. Though the ultimate goal in chess is to take possession of the king, the underlying strategy is to eliminate as many pieces as one possibly can. This serves as insurance in the overall goal. Being that the characters/pieces determine the direction of the goal, let us look at them to begin. I have chosen to examine two characters in-depth and then put them on the board with the rest of the people in the novel. Philip Marlowe does not correspond to the knight of the chessboard. Chandler assumes that the reader will fall into the easy trap of assigning Marlowe to the role of the knight. After all, he is the main man in the novel, the one who needs to solve the case. His self-description in the opening chapter lures the reader into believing he is a typical white knight hero. â€Å"I was neat, clean, shaved and sober, and I didn’t care who knew it. I was everything the well-dressed private detective ought to be† (3). This is a fitting description of a knight only because knights must possess similar qualities in order to be heroes. The main idea here is goodness, and Marlowe’s description exudes this goodness. However, as we progress throughout the novel, his â€Å"goodness† mutates into something with more of an edge on it. By the end of chapter eight, Marlowe goes â€Å"to bed full of whiskey and frustration† (42) and, the next day (chapter nine), wakes up â€Å"with a motorman’s glove in my mouth† (43). It is safe to say Marlowe’s sobriety is questionable, especially when he tells Bernie Ohls – and us – that, â€Å"I’ve got a hangover† (43). Is this the action of a knight? I do not think so. Similarly, his attitude towards everyone else in the novel detracts from his knighthood. For example, look at his treatment of Vivian Regan, who I will talk about a little later. They are talking for the first time and she tells him how cold-blooded a beast he is. â€Å"‘Or shall I call you Phil? ‘ ‘Sure. ‘ ‘You can call me Vivian. ‘ ‘Thanks, Mrs. Regan. ‘ ‘Oh, go to hell Marlowe'† (61). More of the same follows with other characters; in each instance, Marlowe does not exhibit any gentleman-like qualities that a private eye should exhibit. So, if Marlowe is not the knight on the chessboard, what is he? I believe that he is more of a rook or a bishop piece and not a knight. When we think about the knight on a chessboard, it has a good amount of flexibility but limited movement. However, a rook or a bishop can move as far as it wants to move, even if the directions are not many. Movement is important to Marlowe because he thrives on getting his task done. This requires a great deal of movement on his part. This movement includes our next subject, Vivian Regan. A funny thing happened when I was writing up the previous conversation between Marlowe and Vivian. Instead of typing â€Å"Mrs. Regan†, I typed â€Å"Mrs. Marlowe† instead. I do not attribute that to a simple lapse in thinking, but more to the fact that Vivian is similar in manner to Marlowe; they could easily be mistaken for a married couple. Vivian possesses the same sharp tongue, the same penchant for drinking, and other Marlowe-esque qualities. For example, there is the part where she is gambling in Eddie Mars’ casino and makes a bet that the house cannot cover. â€Å"‘What kind of cheap outfit is this, I’d like to know. Get busy and spin that wheel, highpockets. I want one more play and I’m playing table stakes. You take it away fast enough I’ve noticed, but when it comes to dishing it out you start to whine'† (138). That sounds like the language Philip Marlowe might use if he ran into a similar situation. Even after he foils a would-be robber in the parking lot, she still shows little signs of thanks. ‘Nice work, Marlowe. Are you my bodyguard now? ‘† (143). Vivian complements Marlowe perfectly, but is she a rook/bishop on the chessboard in the novel? Yes, but provided that Marlowe is not the same piece as she is. In other words, if Marlowe is the rook, then Vivian is the bishop, and vice-versa. I do not see Marlowe and Vivian as cohesive as Chandler might want us to believe; nonetheless, they do possess similar qualities. After talking about two of the more prominent characters, it is time to devise a chessboard strategy that makes some kind of sense. I mentioned earlier that the point in chess is to capture the king, but another goal includes getting other pieces out of the way first. If I were to assign sides, I would put people like Eddie Mars, Joe Brody, and Carmen Sternwood on a different side than Marlowe, Vivian, and General Sternwood. Why? The first group – while giving Marlowe some kind of help – is more concerned with their own safety, and individuals are not afraid to knock off anyone who messes with them. How come Carmen is included in this group? Many people would say that she is neither here nor there, but when she comes to Brody’s apartment and confronts Marlowe at the very end, she shows her true colors. In addition, there is the fact that she murdered Rusty Regan because he would not jump in the sack with her. This is where the chessboard strategy begins to unfold. Chandler’s style not only pertains to his simile/metaphor use and his abbreviated sentences, but also to his construction of character movement in the novel. In chess, what one piece does to another or where it moves to directly affects the movement of other pieces on the board. For example, moving my rook three spaces may not mean capturing a piece, but it does give the opponent something to consider in terms of future moves. He does not want to make a move now that would jeopardize him later. Similarly, what happens in Joe Brody’s apartment affects a good amount of the characters in the novel, from Carmen to Eddie to Marlowe to Vivian, and so on. In addition, that part affects what goes on in Eddie’s casino and Geiger’s house. While there may not be direct influence, there is definitely an indirect sort of influence. What does this say about Chandler as an author? It says that he likes to give his readers something to look for in his novels, and that the something will not always be apparent at first. Digging up the chessboard motif would be no easy task for most readers because of its brevity in the novel. The average reader would not read this book for analysis; he or she would read the novel for pleasure. It is only because we emdash; as English majors emdash; are trained to look beneath the surface that I was able to put this together. This also says something about the world that Chandler lived in. His was a world of thinking about the next move and being cautious about what one did, which is evident in the novel. It was hard to trust anybody because everyone had selfish motives on their minds. That factor also corresponds to the chessboard in that a person might move a piece for individual reasons while not even considering the rest of his or her pieces. That might lead to consequences later. Chandler cannot warn us about keeping track of all of the moves in the story because they are unfolding as we move with Marlowe (who obviously cannot warn us, either). It is up to the reader to keep track of everything. The Big Sleep is not a novel about chess. It is about how people and events interact and relate to one another, similar to the game of chess. As I mentioned before, the characters and their individual actions ultimately had an effect on the overall strategy and goal, which for Marlowe was to find Rusty Regan. He eventually discovered the late Mr. Regan, but it was only after a series of moves on the chessboard of life. How to cite The Simplicity of Raymond Chandler’s the Big Sleep, Essay examples

Ethical Issues Facing Information Technology

Question: Write about theEthical Issues Facing Information Technology. Answer: The revolution of technology has paved way to the development and initiatives that improve the information and communication sector. The increase of usage of the internet and the entire World Wide Web has led to the vulnerability of the privacy and data security. In today society e-banking and e-commerce has made our lives easier since we can shop and transact at any location at any time. This has led to the threat of consumer privacy and data by suppliers and marketers. The marketers collect information from the consumers transaction in order to study his buying patterns. The information can also fall in the wrong hand and risk the consumer life and his assets. Due to the vast knowledge the Internet users are cautioned to use the information for good deeds but instead there have been numerous reports of internet security such as hacking of private information or personal documents and theft of unauthorized data. This report will concentrate on the ethical matters of the risk of cons umers information and data by hackers and marketers as they try to get different information from the consumers. Hacking is the act of retrieving unauthorized data .It has been a major problem to the Government due to the increase cases of hacking of government websites and social media accounts. This risks the government information and private data. This cases have increased in the recent years due to the availability of unrestricted internet and availability of hacking information in the click of a button. The internet has opened up doors to scammers, illegal sales of illegal substances, human trafficking, money laundering. The Government has received numerous cases concerning social media scams and hacking of personal and private websites (Koops, 2015). The internet has been used to incite hatred toward the government especially in the social media which has led fear and unrest. Some groups of hackers have ganged up and committed several hacks in big corporate firms where they steal information and blackmail them for cash. The internet has led to the increased demonstration and protest in the street due to the incitement of people from the social media. The Web 2.0 has paved the way to some of the ethical cases of internet use due to the increase social interaction which has been enhanced by the increased social media applications. The Government is researching on how they can control the internet to reduce such cases (Adomi, 2010). The internet has led to the growth of cult through the social media where the cults attract young people including teenagers and build a relationship with them. They end up brainwashing them with insightful information against the government and other people. This is done through the social media which is free to download and access. The Increased relationship has led to the recruitment of young people into the groups some of which use the internet to hack companys websites. The cases were seen in London in the United Kingdom where young people were protesting and rioting in the street with an aim to loot the stores and create unnecessary unrest. The investigation indicated that the protest and the riots were initiated through the social media like Facebook and twitter. This led to the House of Common led By Ivan Lewis the secretary of culture to support the government in reviewing measures to prevent criminal activities organised through the social media. The United Kingdom governme nt has scheduled meeting through the media to inform the youth about the abuse of the internet. The government went ahead and banned all the known sites of the rioters and suspected group and shutting down their social media networks without the regarding the individual freedoms. This action was done to try and apprehend the bad guys (Luppicini, 2009). The former Prime Minister David Cameron said they are working on measures with the police to stop the communication of the people who are using the social media to influence other to commit crimes. In 2011 a vigilante group called Anonymous caused unrest in the government when they hacked the government website to stop the government from blocking their sites. This led to the Malaysian government to increase the monitoring of their websites and also increase awareness in the public. The hackers had also crippled the online payment companies like PayPal and MasterCard as a way to send a message to the world about their prominence.When the Malaysian government was hacked almost 41 of its websites were attacked overnight. The group disrupted communication but no personal data was lost. This led to many countries increasing their firewalls and security in their websites to prevent such incidences (Gasson et al, 2012). The hacking has led to the increase of teenagers been attacked due to their internet activity like posting pictures and location through the social media. Criminals have gone digital where they attack the victims following their social media activities. The internet can give the perpetrators your location which they can track and harm you. The have also been a rise of cases where teenager falling in love with strangers over the internet. The teenagers are brainwashed in the name of love and are exploited in committing crimes (Plomp, 2009). Research has shown that, despite the advantages that the internet presents to us, the internet has led to the ethical usage of the internet where it has been used to fuel protest and riots, hacking of the government and private websites and brainwashing and affecting personal relationship especially the young people through the internet. This has led to discussion and research on how we can make the internet a better place. This is how to prevent the internet from abuse and misuse for other people interest. The main challenge facing the government and the people is how to control the internet to make it safe for the young people and how to educate them about the ethical use of the internet. The government call for monitoring and checking for usages especial to the known groups who use the internet to gather a following to cause unrest and other criminal activities (Kobayashi, 2008). The main challenge is educating the young people on the negative sides of the media since the internet has vast information on almost everything. The young people tend to believe in it since it is what they are good at. The internet can cause damage to the economy where the government cannot control the riots and incitement from the internet sources especially the social media. The rise in the criminal activities orchestrated from the internet has led to the government calling for control of the internet. This means the ethical usage of the internet has been viewed as a serious issue in different states. Some government like the Malaysian government have gone ahead and proposed a legal enforcement of internet by amending the Evidence Act of 1950 which increased control of the internet use in the country In (Ceccato, 2015). The government should educate the young people of the ethical usage of the internet. This should be incorporated in the school modules and programs. This will educate the young people of the illegal use of the internet and the effects. The government should enact laws wand restriction on the use of the social media in terms of inciting other people to commit crimes. Such sites should be banned and blocked. The government enacted laws to punish the hackers and other illegal users of the internet. This will teach a lesson to other who are committing the same crime (Mohamed, 2015). The Government should advise the parents to monitor their children internet activities to reduce the cases of internet relationship which have hidden agendas. The government should hire a special specialist to build strong firewalls on their websites and also advise other private companies to increase their security on their sites. The privacy policy of the internet should be revised to give the government control to monitor any criminal activity in the social media and the entire internet. The government should hold a meeting in the social media to educate the people about the ethical usage of the internet to reduce the cases of incitation of people through the internet (Goh, 2010). References In Koops, B.-J. (2015). Responsible innovation 2: Concepts, approaches, and applications. Adomi, E. E. (2010). Frameworks for ICT policy: Government, social and legal issues. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Luppicini, R., Adell, R. (2009). Handbook of research on techno ethics. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Gasson, M. N., Kosta, E., Bowman, D. (2012). Human ICT implants: Technical, legal and ethical considerations. Hague, the Netherlands: T.M.C. Asser Press. Plomp, T. (2009). Cross-national information and communication technology policies and practices in education. Charlotte, NC: IAP-Information Age Pub. Kobayashi, R. (2008). New educational technology. New York: Nova Science Publishers. In Ceccato, V., In Newton, A. (2015). Safety and security in transit environments: An interdisciplinary approach. Mohamed, N. S. (2015). Information and communication technology in Sudan: An economic analysis of impact and use in universities. Goh, T. T. (2010). Multiplatform E-learning systems and technologies: Mobile devices for ubiquitous ICT-based education. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. In Mhiripiri, N. A., In Chari, T. (2017). Media law, ethics, and policy in the digital age.

Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years Essay Example Essay Example

Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Example Paper Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years Essay Introduction There is indeed no single reason for the rise of fascism in many of the European countries on the inter-war years period. For fascism to not merely emerge but flourish and succeed there were necessary cultural, political, social, economic and international factors which needed to exist and combine together. No single factor is of crucial importance by itself, only as it converged with other influences. It was in these particular circumstances that the emergence of fascism can be explained. After the First World War, there is no doubt that in almost all European states there were movements showing distinct fascist tendencies. With similar ideologies, they rejected the democratic ideas of parliament, and opposed the organized working class and ideas of socialism. They cried out for submission to discipline, authority and an important sense of community. These violently nationalistic movements were at first small sects; indeed some of them remained so. It was in Italy, in 1922 when the fascists seized power and after the 1929 Great Depression that in 1933 Hitler was able to establish the most brutal of fascist regimes; only in Italy and Germany did fascism have truly mass successful and powerful regimes, elsewhere they remained uninfluential movements. Culturally, the emergence of movements displaying fascist tendencies in the majority of European states in the inter-war years can be partly explained by the huge appeal and extensive ‘roots’ of fascist ideology. The fascist movements had much in common in their ideology, so much that they were indeed able to borrow from each other. Behind the stereotypical fascism defined by brutality and violence there lay a coherent body of thought, which had developed from intellectual movements from the late 19th century onwards. It resulted in a fascist ideology that was elusive, drawing from the right and from the left, which was neither capitalist nor communist, yet sought to create a radical ‘Third way.â €™ This strong body of ideas clarifies the ability of fascism to appeal to not merely violent activists, but intellectuals such as the philosophers Giovanni Gentile and Martin Heidegger. The strength of the body of ideas of fascism was crucial, for these ideas mattered: providing inspiration and shaping action. Part of the fascist ideology was the powerful myth of the nation and the race. This took the form of venerating the past: the dominant Roman Empire, the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands, and also took the form of the aim of territorial expansion in the quest for a Greater Italy or a Greater Germany. Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Body Paragraphs The ‘roots’ of certain ideas of fascism can be traced back to various intellectual movements from the nineteenth century. The Enlightenment ushered in an era of modernity emphasizing liberal ideology, individualism, the constitutional state and the philosophy of laissez-faire. Fascism became the antithesis of all these ideas, a backlash to the ideas of ‘modernity.’ Yet fascism was both a product and reaction to the Enlightenment, for it gave rise to the radical ideas such as the thought that violence was sometimes necessary to purge the existing order and that the will of the people could be incorporated by a mass-based form of politics. There was also the emergence of ideas of reason and rationalist thought in the sciences, with the eugenics and Darwinism highlighting the need for the state to take on the role of selection. It has been perceived that segments of the middle-classes in some countries felt acutely threatened by the major economic, social and p olitical upheavals being generated by modernization, and so retreated into the ideology of radical nationalism. The appeal of fascism was broadened with the use of their key metaphor of rebirth, it was flexible enough to appeal to different varieties of nationalism, for essentially it had the advantage of hiding whether something was essentially old or new. Fascism developed essentially in the central European areas such as Germany, Italy, Austria and Hungary, for they were most affected by these cultural and intellectual trends. Fascism had varying degrees of impact outside greater central Europe for elsewhere fascism was more successfully counter-balanced by opposing cultural influences. France was perhaps one of the most obvious areas for fascist movement to succeed, particularly as many of the concepts and intellectuals originated in France, yet in France the overall sense of crisis was less acute and other elements counterbalanced fascism. Once again, it is clear that for a fas cist movement to fully emerge and succeed all political, economic, cultural and social variables combined were vital. Politically, there are many factors which collectively give rise to the emrergence of fascism, including: the importance of national political traditions, the emergence of the ‘new’ states, divions within the present political system, the existence of the threat from the left and the necessity of efficient leadership and the existence of a fascist role model. It is crucial to study fascism within different national contexts, for national political traditions certainly played their part in molding the fascist movements that emerged. Political traditions in different nations could not only encourage but also defuse fascism. The French republican belief in Liberty, Equality and Fraternity and Britain’s emphasis on individual rights and constitutional, parliamentary government indeed failed to encourage fascism. The seventeenth century English Revolut ion was vital in consolidating parliamentary government, and the rise of Protestantism with its sense of rights and tolerance provided a foundation stone of national identity. Along with the emergence of elected local government after the 1880s, which encouraged the development of two mass political parties, Britain was not the most fertile ground for fascism to develop. Germany and Italy’s political history however, could be perceived to have encouraged Fascism. Germany had a strong Romantic tradition of nationalism, producing a longing for strong leadership and a sense of community. There was also the German tendency to define citizenship in terms of blood, which reinforced the growth of anti-Semitism. Italy was finally reunited as a state in 1870, before then she had been merely a geographical expression, yet she was still divided socially. It is clear that fascism was by all means far more successful in the comparatively new European states, formed in the 1860s and 1870s such as Italy, Germany, Austria and Hungary. These states had late-developing political systems, and had failed to achieve empire and status. It was during the period that these newly established states were making the transition to a liberal democracy, often that they had just recently made this transition. It ensured that liberal democracy in these counties was indeed unconsolidated. These sufficient conditions seemed necessary for movements of fascism to emerge and flourish. Fragmentations, divisions or polarization within a country’s political system was also a clear requirement for fascism. Fascism certainly had far less impact in countries such as Britain, France and the Low Countries, which had stable party systems and hence remained largely immune to fascism. Generally fascist movements appeared to emerge in countries where there was a real or even perceived threat from the left. In Romania, even though the communist party had been effectively suppressed there was sti ll the presence of a communist threat, for she now shared a new border with the Soviet Union and hence anti-communism remained a significant factor in Romanian political affairs. Hungary was the only country outside the Soviet Union that had been briefly ruled by a revolutionary communist regime. This exacerbated anti-communion and anti-left ideas, the sting of the communist regime still taunted Hungarian politics for the next generation. Germany was the home of possibly the strongest communist party in Europe that was outside of the Soviet Union. Communism was indeed always perceived as a serious threat by many of the Germans. These conditions helped to create an atmosphere where only a radical non-leftist movement such as fascism could appeal, rally social discontent and flourish. The authoritarian principles of fascism necessitated strong, effective leadership for it to succeed. Indeed the more successful the movement, the more important the character and strength of the leader. This factor can help to illustrate why certain fascist movements were perhaps not more successful for not all of the fascist leaders in the inter-war years period were charismatic and efficient. Ferenc Szalasi of Hungary is possibly one of the best negative examples. A strong leader was certainly a factor in determining the success of the movement. There is no debate regarding the manipulative, calculating and efficient character of Hitler, and the tremendous frenzied impact he was known to have on the crowds at mass rallies. Fascist ideology certainly played upon the myth of the leader, who was indeed venerated like a Saint, he was God-given and had super-human qualities. The impact of the existence abroad of a fascist role model should certainly not be underestimated. Foreign examples of fascism indeed encouraged the majority of movements, except for those in Germany and Italy, which provided the role model. Only in Germany in Italy did fascist movements develop entirely on their own. This perhaps also explains the further success of the movements in Germany and Italy, for not only did they develop on their own but also it ensured that the roots of their fascist movements were more deeply embedded. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did fascist parties emerge in so many European countries in the inter-war years? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The US was justified in Dropping the atomic bomb. essays

The US was justified in Dropping the atomic bomb. essays On August 6, 1945, the eighth largest city in Japan, Hiroshima suffered an extremely sepulchral day. The United States had unleashed Little Boy. Little Boy was an extremely powerful, atomic bomb. Little Boy had killed some 80,000 people in the city of Hiroshima (Hoare 18-20). Three days later an analogous situation had occurred in the Japanese city of Nagasaki . This atomic bomb, Fat Man, had killed another 100,000 people (Hoare 18-20). Many people were killed and many others were injured. Some believe that the dropping of the atomic bombs was inhumane, but these people do not realize what could have been lost if World War II would have continued any longer. The United States had been fighting this massive war since 1941. Despite these lurid occurrences, the United States was justified in the dropping of the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The dropping of the atomic bombs was, and still is, an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States and all over the world. Many scientists believed that it would be immoral to drop the atomic bomb on the two Japanese cities without warning them, therefore, they began a petition (The Americans 751). Others supported a demonstration of the power of the bomb in a deserted location that the Japanese would be able to view. They believed that they could convince the Japanese to surrender (The Americans 751). Many people also believed that the United States should have chose to invade rather than drop the atomic bombs and kill 200,000 of the Japanese people. These people are ignorant to how many lives would have been lost if the United States had chose to invade. Atomic bombs produce heat millions of degrees high. They also produce visible ultraviolet and infrared rays (Stein 3). Everyone and everything exposed to the atomic blast is effected, whether i...

Essay questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Essay questions - Assignment Example Constitution were universal and should be shared with everyone. By the end of the 19th century, the Monroe Doctrine was to come into full effect in a war with the Spanish. Not only would the Americans take control of Spanish possessions in the Caribbean such as Cuba, Puerto Rica, and other islands, but as the war expanded so would the remit of the Monroe Doctrine. The United States would gain control of the Philippines, far from its own shore, and attempt to remake the Spanish colonialism political system in its own image. The result would be a bloody conflict fought with Filipino insurgents that would take America many years to quell. Following the American victory over Spain and the taking of the Philippines, there was a great deal of tension between the U.S. and the locals. This came to a head in 1899 when American soldiers shot some Filipinos. Things quickly got out of hand with both sides raising armies and fighting conventional wars. The Americans rapidly defeated the convention Filipino forces, killing two of their best generals and pacifying many of the urban areas. During this period, the President appointed distinguished Americans to investigate conditions in the Philippines and report back on ways to improve the administration of the country. The first Commission’s report was a rejoinder to those who argued America had no place in Southeast Asia: Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through American occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and

The Apprentice TV Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Apprentice TV Program - Assignment Example The shortlisted contestants live communally in a suite at Trump Tower in New York City. The successful applicants become divided into two groups. The groups indulge in tasks set to stretch their creativity and business skills. Each group selects a project manager to lead them in the mission. The failing team leaves the competition. The remaining group then splits into two other groups. These undertake another task in the subsequent week. Elimination follows until three contestants remain. The competition ends with the selection of one participant who secures a one year contract in one of the business interests belonging to Donald Trump. The elimination is competitive with profitability heavily emphasized. Teams that make losses during their task face elimination. Elimination takes place in two phases. After failure, the project manager in charge of the team selects two to three people most likely to be the cause of poor performance. The other members get dismissed while the project m anager and the selected members face Trump in the boardroom where their fate awaits. Executives from selected companies interview the finalist duo from which Trump hires the apprentice. The apprentice TV program places its basis on apprenticeship. It is one of the oldest forms of work-based learning. The traditional system, however, lacked sufficiency causing variance in quality. A time-based apprenticeship presents the most benefits to both an organization and a prospective worker. It forms a strategic approach to learning in a field of work as opposed to possession of certain skills. Apprenticeship allows workers to absorb values and ideas of a field of trade. Placement into apprenticeship varies with company's policy. Some firms prefer young people straight out of school while others prefer new learners in the team (Cunningham et al, 2004, pp.62). Apprenticeship programs began way back in time. They incorporate what is learned in class with hand on experience.

Narrative paper about Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative paper about - Essay Example I could not wait for the heady rush of adrenalin, the wind whistling past my face, deafening me a little and making my eyes tear up, and the sheer energy that a pair of screeching wheels can bring. Most grown men love speed, but youngsters can be addicted to it. Mopeds were glamorous at the time, and in my mind's eyes I met a hundred admiring glances. In those times, renting a bike was a breeze, you did not need a license, proof of age, paperwork or insurance. If you could put money on the table, the bike could be yours for the day. I took myself to the nearest rental, and was immediately able to get my hands on what I thought a handsome blue mount. It was not able to exceed 40 miles an hour, but that did not deter me from pushing it to its limit. I was lost in my hour of glory, speeding along without a care in the world and a tune on my lips. As it happened, I should have been paying more attention. Because all of a sudden there appeared a small boy from nowhere and dashed across the road. Everything around me stopped for that moment, and went into an excruciatingly slow motion. I knew I was going to hit the kid before I actually did, but there was nothing I could do to stop it. My hands were paralyzed in the shock of the moment and did not make it to the hand brake on time.

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay The transport service is implemented by a transport protocol used between two transport entities. The transport protocol have to deal with error control, sequencing, and flow control. UDP is a simple protocol and it has some niche uses, such as client-server interactions and multimedia, but for the most Internet applications, reliable, sequenced delivery is needed.UDP cannot provide this, so another protocol is required. It is called TCP and is the main workhouse of the internet. THE TCP SERVICE MODEL: TCP service is obtained by both the sender and receiver creating end points, called sockets. A socket may be used for multiple connections at the same time. All TCP connections are full duplex and point to point. Full duplex means that the traffic can go in both directions at the same time. Point-to-point connection contains exactly two end points. Another feature of the TCP service is URGENT DATA. When the urgent data are received at the destination. The receiving application is interrupted so it can stop whatever it was doing and read the data stream to find the urgent data. The start of the urgent data is not marked while the end is marked so the application knows when it is over. This scheme basically provides a crude signaling. THE TCP PROTOCOL: A key feature of TCP, and one which dominates the protocol design, is that every byte on a TCP connection has its own 32-bit sequencer. When the internet began, the lines between routers were mostly 56-kbps leased lines, so a host blasting away at full speed took over 1 week to cycle through the sequence numbers. Separate 32-bit sequence numbers are used for acknowledgements and for the window mechanism. The sending and receiving TCP entities exchange data in the form of segments. What should a segment have? 1.Each segment including the TCP header, must fit in the 65,515-bytes IP payload. 2.Each network has a maximum transfer unit, or MTU, and each segment must fit in the MTU. THE TCP SEGMENT HEADER: The following is the dissection of TCP header field by field. The Source port and Destination port fields identify the local end points of the connection. The source port number is of 16 bits and indentifies the sending host TSAP(client port number). The destination port number is of 16 bits and is used to identify the receiver host TSAP(server port number). The sequence number is of 32 bits size. Since TCP supports Byte-stream, in which each byte is numbered, big space is allocated for numbering i.e.(2 power 32=4096 million).With the help of these numbers only ,one can be able to differentiate the old delayed duplicate with fresh ones. The acknowledgement number is of 32 bits size. It specifies the next byte expected. The length of TCP header is of 4 bits size and indicates the number of rows. Next comes a 6-bit field that is UNUSED. The fact that this field has survived intact for over a quarter of a century is testimony to how well thought out TCP is. Lesser protocols would have needed it to fix bugs in the original design. Six 1-bit flags: 1. URG is set to 1 if the urgent flag pointer is in use. 2. The ACK bit is set to 1 to indicate that the acknowledgement number is valid. If ACK is 0, the segment does not contain an acknowledgement so the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER is ignored. 3. The PSH bit indicates pushed data. 4. The RST bit is used to reset a connection that has become confused due to a host crash or some other reason. It is also used to reject an invalid segment or refuse an attempt to open a connection. In general, if you get a segment with the RST bit on, you have problem on your hands. 5. The SYN bit is Synchronization flag. It is used to establish connections. The connection request has SYN=1 and ACK=0 to indicate that the piggyback acknowledgement field is not in use. The connection reply does bear an acknowledgement, so it has SYN=1 and ACK=1. 6. The FIN bit is finish flag. It is used to release a connection. It specifies that the sender has no more data to transmit. CHECKSUM: A checksum is also provided for extra reliability. It checks the header, the data and the conceptual pseudoheader. When performing this computation, the TCP Checksum field is set to zero and the data field is padded out with an additional zero byte if its length is an odd number. PSEUDOHEADER: The pseudoheader contains the 32-bit IP addresses of the source and destination machines, the protocol number for TCP (6), and the byte count for the TCP segment. Including the pseudoheader in the TCP checksum computation helps detect misbelieved packets. TCP CONNECTION MANAGEMENT MODELING: The steps required to establish and release connections can be represented in a finite state machine with the 11 states listed below. In each state, certain events are legal .when a legal event happens, some action may be taken. If some other event happens, an error is reported. State Description CLOSED No connection is active or pending LISTEN The server is waiting for an incoming call SYN, RCVD A connection request has arrived: wait for ACK SYN SENT The application has started to open a connection ESTABLISH The normal data transfer state FIN WAIT 1 The application has said it is finished FIN WAIT 2 The other side has agreed to release TIMED WAIT Wait for all packets to die off CLOSING Both sides have tried to close simultaneously CLOSING WAIT The other side has initiated a release LAST ACK Wait for all packets to die off Each connection starts in the CLOSED state. When it performs either a passive open {LISTEN}, or an active open {CONNECT}, it leaves the state. If the other side does the opposite one, a connection is established and the state becomes ESTABLISHED. Connection release can be initiated by either side. The state returns to CLOSED, after it is completed. Description of the figure: The heavy solid line is the normal path for a client. The heavy dashed line is the normal path for a server. The light lines are unusual events. Each transition is labeled by the event causing it and the action resulting from it, separated by a slash. The event can either be a user à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬initiated system call {CONNECT, LISTEN, SEND or CLOSE}, a segment arrival [SYN, FIN, ACK or RST}, or in one case, a timeout of twice the maximum packet lifetime. The action is the sending of a control segment {SYN, FIN or RST} or nothing, indicated by -.Comments is shown in parentheses. Figure: TCP connection management finite state machine. TCP TRANSMISSION POLICY: Windows Management in TCP is not directly tied to acknowledgements as it is in most data link protocols. If the sender transmits a 2048-byte segment that is correctly received, the receiver will acknowledge the segment. However, since it now has only 2048 bytes of buffer space (until the application removes some data from the buffer), it will advertise a window of 2048 starting at the next byte expected. The window management in TCP is shown in the following figure. Now the sender transmits another 2048 bytes, which are acknowledged, but the advertised window is 0. The sender must stop until the application process on the receiving host has removed some data from the buffer, at which time TCP can advertise a larger window. Senders are not required to transmit data as soon as they come in from the application. When the first 2 KB of data came in, TCP, knowing that it had a 4 KB window available, would have been completely correct in just buffering the data until another 2KB came in, to be able to transmit a segment with a 4KB payload. This freedom can be exploited to improve performance. On the following grounds the sender com still send segments upon receiving the win=0(window size) or (buffer available). When the window=0;the sender may not normally send segments, with two exceptions i)URGENT DATA MAY BE SENT To allow the user to kill the process running on the remote machine. ii)The sender may send a 1byte segment to make the receiver re-announce the next byte expected and window size. SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME: To transmit 1byte of message TCP overhead 20 bytes, IP are required.In other words just to transmit 1 byte, extra 40 Bytes are required. Whenever there is a 1 byte room available at the receiver buffer, the window update segment is sent. Since the receiver is requested for 1 byte the sender sends 1 byte which leads to the receiver buffer to be full over again. Asking for 1 Byte and sending 1 byte appears to be silly, hence the name silly window syndrome. To avoid Silly window syndrome, Nagle suggested NAGLES APPROACH: When the data comes to the sender 1 byte at a time, just send the first Byte and buffer, all the rest until the outstanding Byte is acknowledged. Then send all the buffered characters in one 1 TCP segment and start buffering again until they are all acknowledged. Nagles approach cannot be implemented for all applications. In particular, when as X-windows application is being run over the internet, mouse movements have to be sent to the remote computer. Gathering them and sending them in bursts makes the mouse cursor more erratically, which makes users dissatisfied. CLARKS ALGORITHM: This approach is to prevent the receiver from sending a window update for 1byte instead, it is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available and then advertise that. Nagles algorithm is with respect to sender and Clarkà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s algorithm with respect to solve Silly window syndrome. The overall goal is for the sender not to send small segments and the receiver not to ask for them. TCP CONGESTION CONTROL: When the load offered to any network is more than it can handle, congestion builds up. The Internet is no exception. Although network layer also tries to manage congestion, most of the heavy lifting is done by TCP because the real solution to congestion is to slow down the data rate. In theory, congestion can be dealt with by employing a principle borrowed from physics: the law of conservation of packets. The idea is to refrain from injecting a new packet into the network until an old one leaves.TCP attempts to achieve this goal by dynamically manipulating the window size. The first step in managing congestion is detecting it. A timeout caused by a lost packet could have been caused by either (1) noise on a transmission line or (2) packet discard at a congested router. Nowadays, packet loss due to transmission errors is relatively rare because most long-haul trunks are fiber. All the Internet TCP algorithms assume that timeouts are caused by congestion and monitor timeouts for signs of trouble the way miners watch their canaries. TCP TIMER MANAGEMENT: TCP uses multiple timers to do its work. The most important of these is the retransmission timer. When a segment is sent, a retransmission timer is started. If the segment is acknowledged before the timer expires, the timer is stopped. If, on the other hand, the timer goes off before the acknowledgement comes in, and the segment is retransmitted. A second timer is the persistence timer. It is designed to prevent the following deadlock. The receiver sends an acknowledgement with a window size of 0, telling the sender to wait.Later, the receiver updates the window, but the packet with the update is lost. Now both the sender and the receiver are waiting for each other to do something. When the persistence timer goes off, the sender transmits a probe to the receiver. The response to the probe gives the window size. If it is still zero, the persistence timer is set again and the cycle repeats. If it is nonzero, data can now be sent. A third timer that some implementations use is the keep alive timer. When a connection has been idle for a long time, the keep alive timer may go off to cause one side to check whether the other side is still here. If it fails to respond, the connection is terminated. This feature is controversial because it adds overhead and may terminate an otherwise healthy connection due to transient network partition. The last timer used on each TCP connection is the one used in the TIMED WAIT state while closing. It runs for twice the maximum packet lifetime to make sure that when a connection is closed; all packets created by it have died off.

Microsoft: Trust or Antitrust? :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Microsoft: Trust or Antitrust? "Oh, come on, just trust me." Those six simple words have been the pleadings of many when, for whatever reason, they find themselves in a situation, where others don't give their actions or claims any credibility. They have nothing left to fall upon, except the hope that they can be thought of as trustworthy, and that others are willing to give them an opportunity. This is the situation Microsoft has found itself in, and in response, they have launched "Trustworthy Computing," a campaign to help gain credibility and respect in the marketplace. Why, you might ask, is a company that controls 90 percent of its market worried about public perception? Why would such a major influence in the computer industry shut down production of new software, in an attempt to correct countless errors? Why did Bill Gates hire Wieden and Kennedy, the advertising agency that gave us such things as the Nike Swoosh, to change Microsoft's public image? It is because the people at Microsoft have realized that consumers use their software not because they want to, but because they have no other choice. As I sit here writing my paper in Microsoft Word, listening to a CD play in Windows Media Player, surfing the internet for sources in Microsoft Internet Explorer, all parts of my Windows XP setup, it might seem that Microsoft has itself entrenched in my life and that of the computer industry. Yet, the powers that be at Microsoft aren't just sitting around watching their MS Office licensing fees come in, they've sounded the alarm. "There must have been a moment of crisis, either they were feeling insecure, or Microsoft was putting pressure on them," Erik Adigard, a former consultant for Microsoft, suggests. The root of the problem may be, as Sara Basse observed, "Programmers and system designers are often overconfident too, and do not give enough thought to the potential consequences of errors or poor design." Those oversights are the reason that Microsoft shut down most of its production of programs, and instead shifted resources to correct bugs and errors in pre-existing programs. One might then, wonder why Microsoft has sold programs with errors, and instead of taking the time to correct the mistakes of past versions, they have moved on to completely new concepts. It appears that Microsoft has gotten the message from its consumers. They have begun unprecedented disclosures of their codes to their competitors, so that they are better able to integrate their programs into Windows.

Helping Others

Helping others can be very rewarding and beneficial to both parties. After going to the Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting and Our Community Place (OCP), I have realized the benefits of helping others and I have gained new perspectives on others. While I was there I met some very interesting people that might not have the best lives but they know how to make the best of what they have. I felt like I gained some knowledge and insight on different things and it made me feel good to help them out.In my lifetime I feel as though I have overcome many obsticles and accomplished many goals and as I looked around at others that were less fortunate than me I became even more thankful and more willing to help others. It made me feel good to see others happier and to make their day and things a little better. On Sunday night my roommate and I went to the Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting in a building downtown Harrisonburg called the Club with my friend Joseph. The place did not look like a club where you party at but it looked like just a normal building with a lot of cars there.If you drove by you would not know that it was an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting location. When I first went in I did not expect to see that there were so many normal people in there. This place seems like a place that you have to go to when you are in trouble and have nothing else to do. There was a range of people from my age to elderly people. The people that looked like they had the most trouble were the older people and the younger ones were in there because they might have been more curious of what goes on in the meetings. The open meetings are a place where anyone can go to get help or support others.I went with my friend for support and to gain knowledge about the truth behind alcoholism and to see what it’s like in real life versus the movies and television. It was very different from what I expected. I wasn’t expecting such real problems and people in the situations. I feel like in rea l life people don’t go through all these bad things due to that I see it happen so much in everyday life that everyone lives as actors and goes home to a normal life and not this sad, difficult problem. The largest part of the meeting was support orientated and sharing stories, struggles and success.I got to hear how they got there and what they are doing to stay strong. The stories that were told were confidential and very heart breaking. It made alcohol seem like such a controlling substance that can become deadly if used too much or in large amounts at one time. Alcohol is never seen as being bad or controlling until people start binge drinking and it gets out of hand and we need help. I feel that if college kids would listen to some of the situations and the real struggles of others then they would feel less obligated to get drunk all the time.Some of these people have hit rock bottom and you could see who they really were and the struggles they went through. There were m any different stories on how they got to where they were and what pushed them to go the right way. Some were their kids and families or someone who took the time to help them and show them things could get better. There were a few parents there that wanted more information about how the kids in this generation were abusing alcohol so they knew what to look for in their own children. This type of meeting for the community is very helpful due to that everything is confidential and you can get help for free.I feel like if I could change something about the meeting is making it so that you don’t have to say your name in the beginning because it makes people seem insecure about themselves. Our community Center us a place for those to go who could need help in a variety of ways. Some see it as a church or a counseling center. It is a place to go for enjoyment and help. They provide food and exercising as well as plays, activities or talent shows. The shelter is a place for homeless people in the city and a place for them to pray and seek religious insight.The leader of the OCP is Ron Copland and is a great supporter and motivator for this shelter. He wants everyone to feel closer and equal. He has had many great ideas to make this place a successful shelter and made him a respectable leader and achiever. He is extremely dedicated and spends most of his time and money into this volunteer only facility. He is a very inspirational man and has done so much in his lifetime to help others that time I was there I wanted to help and show my gratitude and respect for all he has done. He is a wonderful man and he has succeeded in life.The OCP is a group that uses caring experiences and working together to help others. Recovering alcoholics and current alcoholics come here to work together and keep busy while trying to get over their problem. They use agriculture and other jobs to show them how to move on and work together. They use a program called OCM which is our com munity works. They learn to work with each other versus doing it all alone. The center does many activities and programs to get everyone involved and help them run these programs and volunteers like my self help keep this wonderful place in the right direction.When I went to the center there was a talent show. Everyone there had a job to do for the show to be put on. They were people from little kids to older adults and they all worked together like they were best friends who know each other forever. OCP is an effective program that is steadily spreading to more individuals. It brings not only people without homes together but those people of the community. It makes us thankful for what we have and realize they are real people. We don’t see homeless people we see every day plain-Jane citizens.We see our community in new light. Each Program had its own approach to the problem at hand. The alcoholics anonymous meeting was depressing and awkward. People were sad and uncomfortabl e and no one sounded like they wanted to be there. The OCP was much more upbeat and happy. I feel that it is a much better way to get over alcoholism. It gives you activities to keep your mind off drinking and keeps you happy. I would rather forget about a drink than talk about it in an awkward group meeting. I think MR.Copland was onto something when he opened the OCP. But just like any idea it may not work for everyone. Both of these situations have shown me another side of the tracks. Both community programs help others and have me a different perspective on alcoholics and their situations. Hearing their stories was very sad and I could not imagine what they go through. Mr. Copland and his hard work made me inspired to work to help others. He has helped so many people and it felt good to show people that they are equal and can get their problems taken care of.

Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Essays

Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Essays Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Paper Analysis of political socialization of South Africans Paper The family lays a central role in socialisation, but it is not the only central influence. Influence by the family on the individual may be changed through interaction with peers. By having peers individuals open themselves to alternative points of view which may have a considerable influence on the individuals attitude. (Manheim, 1982: 78). Over time peer groups may become the dominant socializing force for the individual. (Manheim, 1982: 77) Manheim states that peer-group socialization is politically vital in three ways: it gives the individual social control through which the parents value systems can be challenged this results in social change, secondly it not only motivates the individual to question his value systems , but it also offers the individual with competing models of reality, lastly peer groups can make the broad concept of politics meaningful. (Manheim, 1982: 80) Through the analysis of peer-group social influence it is clear that the colleagues first point is valid, as peer-group interaction influences political socialization way beyond childhood. Interpersonal sources of political socialization are not the only institutional sources also exist. The most important institutional agent is the school. The teacher creates a learning culture to which the student will aspire. (Manheim, 1982:81) Schooling is an instrument for training the student in political roles and civic responsibilities; it is therefore a potent force in the political development of the individual. Schooling is not the only influence. At an elder age students at college can question their dominant values trough the further development of their critical capabilities. (Manheim, 1982:83-84) Beyond education on a tertiary level is the socialization that occurs in the military, labour unions, church groups and political organisations. These organisations show the validity of the colleagues advice in point one. Mass media is also a major agent in political socialization. Mass media provides various forms of politically relevant information to the individual at virtually every stage of the life cycle, encounters with information have a significant impact on the perceptions of political reality that individuals have. Mass media has an influence on individuals as long as media images are seen by the individual. The majority of people are opinion followers who are guided by the opinion leaders. This instrument of socialization occurs mainly beyond the childhood years. (Manheim, 1982: 87-89). In the above analysis of the agents of political socialization an underlying argument was not addressed, this was the contrast between the primacy and recency models. The primacy model states that fundamental attitudes and values are formed early in life and these values remain as the basic foundation on which adults perceive their environment. (Manheim, 1982: 90) The recency model argues that people do not have the cognitive skills required for political activity until their adolescence, therefore the most recent learning that is the most politically relevant. ( Manheim, 1982: 90) The recency model is the equivalent of the advice that the colleague gave, do not focus only on learning amongst children. In conclusion with point one from the colleague, early political learning is more important when dealing with politics as a fact of life, later political learning which is more cognitive is most important when dealing with politics as a part of life. ( Manheim, 1982: 90) Political socialisation is seen as a continuous process, going beyond childhood. (Kavanagh:39) The trickle down approach to learning: The traditional hierarchical top-down trickle effect is based on four assumptions. Assumption one: children acquire civic orientations through modelling and direct attitude control. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) Top down believers support the view that children will adopt the same orientations evident in parents. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) The belief is based on the fact that children will adapt themselves to the image of their parents characteristics. Assumption two: Political influence flows downward only, from societal institutions to children. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:283) This assumption did not take the reciprocal into account. Assumption three: Adults may be agents in political socialization but are themselves unlikely to change. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:284) This assumption disregards socialization in adulthood, and the changes that occur through marriage and offspring. Assumption four: Socialization to politics should be conceptualized and measured as individual behaviour. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:285) This assumption is limited as measurements can not be limited to the mind of a single person without taken into account shared experiences. Trickle-up Socialization There is a large amount of data that proves the above theory wrong. The data shows that when children and teenagers increase there political involvement parents simultaneously increase their political involvement. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:287) This simultaneous movement is the result of information seeking, opinion formation and concept-orientated communication. The article by McDevitt and Chaffee is conclusive in showing that children do influence parental growth, before during and after discussion with a child. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:289) The table on page 289 clearly shows the influence that a child has on the parent, through behavioural, cognitive and affective activities. The above mentioned article also clarifies political socialization during the family life cycle. This shows the implications that external stimuli have on political communication in the home. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:293)What is clarified in this article is that the chid-parent relationship continuously restructures itself; these changes create social inversions. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:294). The above argument shows that through child initiated discussion parents increase their civic competence, increase their news media use, knowledge gain, and opinion formation. The parents increase in civil competence may be seen as an effort to maintain the leadership role in the family. (McDevitt and Chaffee, 2002:281). Conclusion: In the above it was shown that political socialization is the process by which individuals learn about politics. (Kavanagh: 34) The realisation that political socialisation is the legitimating of inequalities in society and that this occurs in a trickle-down and a trickle-up line of socialisation. Through this light the colleagues advice must be concurred upon. Only with the extensive knowledge given above on the agents of political socialisation could the question be answered. When looking at how South Africans learn about politics it must be stated that the colleague was correct, and with his advice a true understanding of political socialization in South Africa can be attained. Bibliography: Kavanagh, D. 1983. Political Science and Political Behaviour. Nottingham: George Allen and Unwin. Manheim, J. B. 1982. The Politics Within. Longman: s. n. McDevitt, M. and Chaffee, S. 2002. From Top-Down to Trickle-Up Influence: Revisiting Assumptions About the Family in Political Socialization. Colorado: Taylor and Francis. 2 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Social Work section.

Fiscal Policy Paper Essays - Fiscal Policy, Free Essays, Term Papers

Fiscal Policy Paper Essays - Fiscal Policy, Free Essays, Term Papers Fiscal Policy Paper Instructor Sam Pirnazar ECO/372 July 27, 2015 Introduction Here we will discuss as a group of like minds how and why the USs deficits surplus and debt have an effect on tax payers and future social security and Medicare users. Now in many cases deficit can affect multitudes while a surplus creates positive results for those on the receiving end. As you may know debt requires the liability to be paid or the liability in some cases it may be repossessed or rendered bad credit to the individual. Now while Americans face issues with debt, surplus, and even deficit it is important to know that the United States deals with it first hand as well. Several areas the three topics affect include tax payers, unemployed, Social Security, Medicare, imports, exports, and the GDP. A synopsis of Team Bs discussion of the topics follows, however in this reading we will focus on Taxpayers, fyture social security and Medicare users. Tax payers Fiscal deficit means government expenditure exceeds its revenue in any particular year. All taxpayers are affected by U.S.'s deficit and debt. Higher government debt crowds out private investment in the form of higher taxes and inflation. Higher debt raises several question marks on government ability to repay it. Due to higher debt levels, risk premium increases, which leads to rise in interest rates. High interest rates negatively interest rate sensitive sectors of the economy such as real estate, consumer durable. High government deficit results in increasing US debt. In order to reduce the current deficit, government hikes tax rate on taxpayers. High debt and fiscal deficit affect US taxpayers in the form of tax hikes, high interest rate on debt, reduced social security benefits/programs and weakening of currency. The overall effect of all these measures results in lower purchasing power of taxpayers and they are left with less money to invest or spend. Fiscal surplus means government revenue exceeds its expenditure in any particular year. When the government runs surplus, it positively affect taxpayers. There are differing ways in which government could spend surplus money. The surplus money could be used to repay debt. Government can decide to issue tax refund to taxpayers or government can increase its spend on social security benefits and programs. The overall effect of all these measures results in higher purchasing power of taxpayers and they could spend or invest more money. Future Social Security and Medicare users The meaning of deficit is defined as, the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small. The meaning of surplus is defined as, the amount of something leftover when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand. The meaning of debt is defined as, something that is, typically money, owed or overdue. Now that the terms are in order and understood, the answers to how and why can now be addressed. The reason that the United States deficit, surplus, and debt effect future Social Security users is the following; according to "The Medicare Newsgroup" (2015), "Medicare significantly contributes to the federal budget deficit only through its general revenue financing under its Medicare Medical Insurance (Part B) program. Its outlays financed under its Medicare Hospital Insurance (Part A) or by individual premiums are features of the programs expenditures, but do not show up in federal budget calculations (para. 1). Social Security is currently running a surplus, due to all of its revenue figures that get combined and calculated determining the payroll taxes, trust fund interest, and income taxes earned from some of the Social Security benefits (Morrissey, 2011). According to the Economic Policy Institute, Morrissey (2011), "The trust fund, which currently has $2.6 trillion dollars, is projected to grow to around $3.7 trillion in 2022. But once Social Security starts drawing down the principle in the trust fund to help pay for the Baby Boomer retirement, Social Security will be running a deficit. Also, Social Security is currently running a primary deficit, which means it would be running a deficit absent the interest on the trust fund. (Is Social Security running a deficit?). Conclusion Reference Morrissey, M. (2011). Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved from epi.org/blog/social-security-federal-deficit-part-1/ The Medicare Newsgroup. (2015). Retrieved from medicarenewsgroup.com/news/medicare-faqs/individual-faq?faqId=69028cf0-2ab2-453e-a43d-5f143debc68c How our national debt hurts our economy. (n.d.). Retrieved July

Project Management Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management Tools - Essay Example This essay explores that the common elements are interrelated and any change in one has an effect on the other two. Microsoft Project excels on these elements as whenever any change in project is done using Microsoft Project, the affect of those changes will be visible through Microsoft Project's graphical presentation of your project. This discussion declares that Project Management Templates help to manage projects more successfully. More than 50 pre-completed project management forms, templates, documents and processes will help a Project Manager to save time, reduce cost and improve the quality of projects. Microsoft Project is program developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist project managers in developing plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analyzing workloads. Open Project is an open source clone of Microsoft Project 98, which is built for Linux and Unix Systems. It is a powerful application that can be used to efficiently plan, manage, and communicate project information. It can be used to handle dynamic scheduling, manage multiple projects and resources, and support better communication. It makes easy to organize, track and manage project details. The New consolidation and schedule-building help you plan more efficiently, keeping your projects on t rack and within budget. FastTrack Schedule delivers descriptive project snapshots that are sure to make an impact with clients and project managers.

Memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memorandum - Essay Example There are three candidates waiting for the heart transplant. The first candidate is Jerry, who has 3 teenage daughters studying and an unemployed wife. He is the bread winner in the family and is 5 years short of his retirement eligibility. His chances of living after a heart surgery will be 10-15 years. The second candidate is a 12 year old girl named Lisa. Her father works in the same hospital and offered to donate or give $2 Million dollars if the heart will be transplanted to Lisa. Lisa suffered 12 years of lifelong health issues and her chances of living after the surgery are not good. The hospital needed money to finish the construction of the specialized facilities that could help a lot of patients. The third candidate is Ozzie who happens to be a 38 years old homeless drug abuser. He is single and his heart condition is due to excessive intake of cocaine. He is also a volunteer in a certain charity and is teaching and helping troubled teens and giving them insights and wisdom against drug abuse and other issues. He signed a contract in the same charity and will continue working as a counsellor-mentor if he will get the transplant. Ethics is defined as the study of right or wrong conduct which focuses on moral situation (Ruggiero, 2008). In the situation above we can definitely say that making the decision on granting the heart transplant to only one of the three candidates is very difficult. There are a lot of things to consider. At first, when evaluating the three candidates, my feelings deeply sympathize for Jerry. Jerry is the most suitable candidate to get the transplant because he is the one which has the highest chances of living years and he has 4 family members who will be benefited. His 3 children need his support for their education and his wife is unemployed. But in making an ethical decision, feelings such as sympathy are not reliable for analysing moral issues (Ruggiero, 2008). When deciding by feelings, it is completely ignoring other people’s feelings (Ruggiero, 2008). According to J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham who are the most famous teleological ethicists, the most ethical action is the one based on utility or consequence and is the one which gives the most benefits and least harm. When making a decision on principles of utilitarianism, we should consider everyone affected by the decision. In this situation, Jerry will directly benefit 4 persons, Ozzie will benefit the troubled children and Lisa will help the hospital finish the specialized facilities and will help a lot of patients. Lisa’s condition may not be good after the heart transplant, but her father, an oncologist in the same hospital, will donate a big amount of $2 Million that wil l greatly help improve the hospital and will therefore serve and help more patients in the future. The benefit that Lisa can give is a long-term benefit to a number of patients. Granting the transplant to Lisa will definitely boost Dr. Doe’s loyalty to the hospital and his loyalty to the patients. Although Ozzie can help a lot of troubled children serving as a counsellor-mentor, his chances of recidivism to drug addiction is high. And if he

Market Analysis- Opening a Tapas Restaurant in Pearland Texas Research Proposal - 1

Market Analysis- Opening a Tapas Restaurant in Pearland Texas - Research Proposal Example â€Å"Pearland is on its way to becoming the next major employment center in the Houston region† (Living in Pearland par. 1). Thus, it transpires that the city offers a highly conducive environment for launching a new restaurant, which can operate well in this region due to several factors. The population growth in this town shows a high market potential of Tapas Restaurant. Pearland is near to Hobby Airport and therefore the restaurant can cater to tourists and business people who travel to this area. Pearland Park and restaurant is one of the main attractions of Pearland city. Besides, Pearland Art League can be another potential source of market for the restaurant as it invites several people round the year for many functions. These are the market potential in Pearland. The restaurant has competitors there such as Pear Tree, Santa Barbara Italian Restaurant and Busy Bee Cafà © etc. The potential target customer groups for Tapas Restaurant include the employees and visitors of Texas Medical Center, Johnson Space Center’s workers, visitors to Pearland Park and Hobby Airport etc. Besides, there are several well established families living in the area. Since there are no outlets of Tapas Restaurant in this region, Pearland City is a potential market for opening such a restaurant. This restaurant’s target customers are youth and upper middle class people. Target market identification involves the process of determining the group of potential clients from the inhabitants of a community, which may comprise several sections. Once this is done, the firm concerned has to make sure that they are in position of gratifying the desires and requirements of each section. Marketing aims, which add to the achievement of the general industry objectives should be recognized for all target markets. The objectives must be in quantitative language, should indicate the target market and must also point out the period within which the goals must be

The affects of football Essay Example for Free

The affects of football Essay From the early ages in history to present day, sports have had a major impact on society. Football is a very popular sport played in America and many other countries. Some may say that football is a violent sport and its not beneficial in any way, but in reality it gives a person all the basic tools needed not only for playing the game, but also how you interact with people in society. Also it is very simple to get involved in most cites and towns. Football is a great game that is both fun and instructive. Football is game played by twenty-two players on a field at once, with eleven players on the defensive and offensive side of the ball. The goal of the game is to get a leather cone shaped ball, called a football, into the opposing teams end zone. On offense you have four tries to gain ten yards and gain a first down, which mean you have another four tries to go another ten yards. The defense in return has four tries to stop the offense or they get the football. A great football team is one that works very well together, and is disciplined enough that they can win without falling apart. Football is such a great sport because it takes eleven players on each side of the ball to do their assignment to become a great team. Each player has a different job, and if every player does their job than they can accomplish their task. There is no other game like football, it is a game where you can tackle and throw your rival as hard as you can without getting in trouble. It is a violent sport but a teams violence has to be controlled. Sports in society today are often a big deal. Teens go to high school and can get very competitive in any sport. Football is one of the best sports to get involved with because it teaches so many things children and teens need to be active in society. It teaches: discipline, teamwork, interaction, self-restraint, and perseverance. It is one of the only team sports that you actually need all the players on the field to work together and knows what theyre doing to become a good team. Practice makes prefect, and to become a better player you need to be disciplined and learn from your mistakes. Football also teaches players to control their anger on and off the field, and to keep working harder. It keeps teens out of trouble and gives them something to do, rather than cause trouble. Living in Amsterdam has a major effect on why I and many other teens play football. Amsterdam is, and has always been, and great football tradition. It all starts out with the children and the great Pee Wee football program we call Little Giants. This program teaches little kids from age seven through twelve the art of the game of football. When players get too old for this program they move on to the junior high school team which has always been another great program that teaches kids the fundamentals of life. Then the players move on to the junior varsity team where they get trained to play on the top school level. Varsity is the top of line for school football. This is where every little giants player wants to play. These players are envied by all, for the decades of great football they have played. There is no other greater feeling than to play a home game on a Friday night under the lights on the Amsterdam turf, while being watches by thousands of screaming fans, the steam that can be seen on the top of every players head, and the joy that runs through your body as you see the time run out and your are a champion again. The greatest accomplishment these players have is winning the state title and raising their helmets in the dome of Syracuse and yelling champions for the last time of their football career. As a player walks off that field there is no better feeling of pride in the fact that you are an Amsterdam football player. Sports have had a major impact on society. Football is a very popular sport played in America and many other countries. Some may say that football is a violent sport and its not beneficial in any way, but in reality it gives a person all the basic tools needed not only for playing the game, but also how you interact with people in society. Also it is very simple to get involved in most cites and towns. It can be the one thing that matters the most in a students high school career. The accomplishments that can be earned from football are like no other. Football takes time and effort to become a better player. To know that your whole team has worked the hardest and plays the best together is an incredible feeling. Football is a great game that is both fun and instructive. After winning a state title and walking off the field I thought to myself, there is not one other thing I would have dedicated myself to for so many years than the hot turf of a football field.

Top and Bottom Down Approaches in Research

Top and Bottom Down Approaches in Research 1.1 Introduction: The theoretical challenge of managed environments General works in the field of development studies or environmental management typically imitate structural, institutional and political economy analyses. This dissertation however focuses on the theoretical and methodological foundations of an actor-oriented, process-based and social constructionist form of analysis. It also aims to show the usefulness of such an approach for providing new insights into critical areas of empirical enquiry. In the introductory chapter I posed the dilemma confronting change managers and citizens with existing practices of environmental governance reform that are performing inconsistently. My starting point is the premise that experiences of decision-making over environmental management practices have not reflected the intent of smoother transitions and greater legitimacy that a turn to more participative approaches had promised. More democratic methods are not consistently producing more democratic outcomes, at least so are reports from practice warning. Instead, governance reform is experienced as frustrating struggles by actors brought together using ideals of collaborative practice that are frequently proving disappointing in application. The stories that this report recounts are indicative of the type of struggles and indeterminacies more and more encountered by policy actors in addressing issues of society-nature relations. It will be shown that the day-to-day tensions are not well expressed in the languages of social science or practitioners. Are there better ways to conceptualize these problems? Do we have language for this? To answer this, I will have to look for alternative ways to enter the subject and pose questions in different ways. A search for models of practice and theoretical foundations that may prove relevant to the rapidly changing contexts of managed environments encounters a rich literature that has engaged with the problems posed by the environmental pressures of population increase and technological development. However, as will be seen, existing conceptualisations encounter limits of abstraction. The implicit recognition of that has seen practitioners develop a wide range of approaches that are nearer to a recognition of actor perspectives in the field of environmental governance reform that more anthropological perspectives will highlight. A closer examination shows that abandoning abstraction in order to acknowledge the natural complexity of modern contexts in a post-modern time does not resolve the problem of constructively navigating changing knowledge systems. I therefore turn to post-structuralist thinking which allows me to give more attention to the social constructivist view and, in particul ar, to the co-constructed nature of knowledge, framing and subjectivities. The method that proves most promising to demonstrate and resolve the ambiguous nature of social knowledge is a dialectical approach to mapping the deliberative spaces of 21st century environmental governance reform. To do this work, perspectives from different disciplinary areas are brought together, including environmental sociology, environmental policy, anthropology, development studies, conservation management, political ecology and public policy. The discussion will seek to ‘ambiguate key notions in the society-nature literatures, that is, work with the ambiguity that becomes exposed when different scholarly worldviews are applied to core concepts of environmental governance. Working dialectically with the framings of theorists and practitioners means moving at different levels of extension, probing generalisation and rethinking subjects. This will show how ideas of nature, knowledge, community, and identity are central. The journey I will pursue in this chapter and effectively continue in the following transects key themes in the literature on environmental and development issues that I will not attempt to treat comprehensively a futile task even with the best of intentions but instead I want to trace insightful tensions and contours in the landscapes of academic, practitioners and subjective knowledges that shape the individual and institutional behaviour of social actors. By focussing on boundaries, and the conceptual or physical movement across these, I claim that I can show useful insights into the processes through which actors engage in participative, democratic spaces. By evoking a journey through the literature, I shadow the journey that I myself followed when I entered into and pursued this research, coming from a career as aid worker and encounter with the Great Barrier Island setting. Entering into academic reflection on social and political situations from that background opened perspectives that are not easily available to a researcher arriving from the outside or evaluating social processes with less reference to practical experience. At the same time, a positioning on the boundaries of the settings studied that my own background with the frequent geographic and career changes allowed, can be said to have greatly elevated my ‘hermeneutical horizon, opening up better appreciation of multiple, overlapping contexts. The aim of this chapter is to reveal a range of features and entry points into a number of settings that I gained access to, even if not comprehensively but certainly illustrative. I want to show that abstraction needs to adopt not only an actor-grounded and situated methodology but equally a more subjective theorisation, in order to give new meaning to abstraction. The literature I will bring into the discussion will help me elaborate how simultaneously seeking out top-down, bottom-up and reflective positions can give complementary insights into processes of actor engagement over environmental governance. The reason is that the political, social and cultural complexities that determine human-nature, and particularly society-nature, relations impose a need for multiple perspectives. In the following sections I will construct several positions located on metaphoric boundaries that offer perspective on subject areas and cultures of practice. To do that, I will open three views, or categories of view: one as a top-down view, which uses analytical thinking looking at overviews, comparisons and indicators to form structural explanations that underlie theory and practice. A second position approaches actors within a situation and is interested in narratives that convey the struggles and explanations present in a given situation, as they are seen from the bottom up. And with a view that is neither top-down, nor bottom-up, I want to emphasize a self-conscious, reflective treatment of knowledge and the co-construction of world views that deliberative practices can entail. 1.1.1 Case study or research intervention? The scholarly practitioner as participant in knowledge production Before I enter the subject area however, I must first clarify my point of entry into and positionality within the subject. In particular, the performative character of social science research needs to be acknowledged. Scientific inquiry is recognized as a social practice mediated contextually through symbolic means {Foucault, 2002; Pryke, Rose, Whatmore, 2003}. Sociological research has documented the extent to which science is as much a socio-cultural activity as a technical enterprise. The post-positivist challenge to the social sciences that was evoked by Fischer and quoted introductory chapter, derives from evidence that the elements of empirical inquiry from observation and hypothesis formation through data collection and explanation are grounded in often limited theoretical assumptions of the socio-cultural practices through which they are developed {Root, 1993}. Scientific explanations therefore have to be understood as explanations offered by specific communities of inquirers situated in particular places and times, so Fischer emphasizes (1998). These are discursive communities that are located alongside and intermeshed with other political communities in the social landscape. This draws attention to positioning researcher and science within the political communities that are present. Attention must be paid throughout the approach, engagement and interpretation of social situations to be reflective about the relation of the researcher to the subject. In my engagement with the actors within the settings I investigated, my approach and interest was shaped by all of my curriculum vitae but especially by my background as former aid worker. At least three specific aspects of this career were particularly significant in forming my approach to this study and, in particular, the lines of questioning that I adopted. For many years while working on behalf of large non-governmental aid organisations like Oxfam and Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), when I was often assigned as project planner in collaboration with medical or logistics experts with the task to research the humanitarian, political and security context in a particular setting to identify priority needs an organisation was able to address and to design the detailed aid interventions. I led needs assessment missions lasting 2 to 4 weeks to Georgia, Tajikistan, Congo, Burundi, Syria, Iraq, and Nepal among others,. The output would consist of reports documenting findings of data collection and interviews, verbal and written interpretation of implications for launching aid operations, and proposals to governmental donor agencies that complied to institutional requirements and priorities in order to maximise chances of gaining funding support. Essentially this was a research role with an action orientation. My primary role while working for these international aid organisations was project manager and/or country representative, positions that I held in Russia. Chechnya, Congo, Kenya, Lebanon, and Mauritania among others. Aid projects would be managed by a team of expatriates and local staff, often growing into large, well-resourced and formalised organisations with up to 50 staff. This required me to manage teams and situations with a view to producing outcomes, conforming to organisational policies. As head of usually one of the larger NGOs in a sector, I would frequently also act on behalf of a wider community of aid agencies that shared similar values and objectives in collaborating and representing interests to government counterparts. The emphasis on advocating for universal rights and principles on behalf of vulnerable and victims under threat was an important advocacy priority for organisations like Oxfam and MSF, and thus was a critical rationale for situating, maintaining, and promoting many aid activities. At the same time I would be representing associations that had explicitly defined visions and principles in an organisational environment and so I had to be very self-conscious about the philosophical distinctions between advocacy, religious, purely charitable, bilateral or inter-governmental agencies. In other words, through this work I had been sensitized to the subtleties of organisational culture and its relationship to operational policies. In general, as a project manager I shared an outcome orientation that allowed me to identify with the role of other project managers in comparable organisational settings, even outside the domain international aid. The reason I found myself in a ten-year career as aid worker was in part due to a long-standing interest in foreign settings and the extensive time I had already spent living abroad. The familiarity with different cultures from growing up in the Middle East, emigrating during school years to New Zealand and working in several European countries not only opened my appreciation of how cultures and societies are distinguished but also permitted me to acquire conversational fluency in eight languages. Overhearing the words our interpreter used to translate my speech into Arabic for a group of village elders in a Sahel village, or joking with Russian militia officers to be able to enter an ethnic enclave in the Caucasus, added diverse points of view that only first-hand knowledge can make relevant to other situations. The value of knowing how language and cultural upbringing can shape world views, understanding and humour is invaluable when attempting to reflect on other situations from a position that is neither entirely inside nor outside but on the boundary between cultures and places that are in (dialectical) relation. 1.1.1.1 Adopting an inside-out view: focus on protagonist, on the relationship between identity and subject. While it is tempting to examine a situation from the point of view of those with the power to affect it the change makers and potential audience for the research findings it can be critical to also adopt the point of view of less influential actors. An inside out view seeks to show how outside forces influence the nature of polity, rather than using the people in the area of interest to provide a background against which to set the actions of outsiders {see also Routledge, Pacific History as seen from the Pacific Islands, Pacific Studies Spring 1985}. This study, in other words, seeks to be not merely island-centred but islander-oriented. The perspective thus adopted is that of a scholarly practitioner. Bentz and Shapiro {, 1998 #1684} use this term to recognise that in the enterprise of knowledge generation and critical reflection, there is a two-way relationship. The role of the scholarly practitioner involves â€Å"using professional practice and knowledge as a resource for the formulation and production of scholarly knowledge as well as for evaluating, testing, applying, extending, or modifying existing knowledge† (p. 66). Bentz and Shapiro stress that this requires also an awareness of the limits of knowledge, and, I would add, the contested nature of knowledge. This recognition brings attention to the production of knowledge in environmental politics. 1.1.1.2 Social science must be conscious of its performative character: Reconnecting the researcher with the researched There are a number of research traditions that address the ontological gap between researcher and the researched. Action research for one, is a participatory methodology that seeks to produce knowledge that emerges from context of action as a collaborative project between researcher and the researched. It typically sees the researcher performing functional roles within groups working together on real world projects and tasks (Wadsworth, 1998). Participatory research finds many other outlets and emphasizes a philosophy of co-production or research, from the formulation of the question, through reflection on outcomes to the communication of findings (Cornwall Jewkes, 1995). A methodology that seeks to discard theoretical preconceptions completely is grounded theory. Theories are grounded in the groups observable experiences, but researchers add their own insight into why those experiences exist. It is a method formulated by Strauss and Corbin that categorizes empirically collected data to build a general theory to fit the data (Barney G. Glaser, 2004; B.G. Glaser Strauss, 1967; A. McCarthy, 1999). The investigator develops conceptual categories from the data and then makes new observations to develop these categories. Hypotheses are derived directly from the data, and may be tested against it. All conclusions must be grounded in and supported by the data. Their seminal work, The Development of Grounded Theory (1967), moved researchers past the hypothesis-testing uses of raw data into the hypothesis-generating potential of their observations. The approach has been steadily expanding its reach within academia through sociology and social anthropology an d, more recently into applied disciplines like nursing and educational research. Notwithstanding the uptake of grounded philosophy by researchers motivated to reconnect with the empirical subject, the lack of theorizing underlying this may be criticized by more ‘sophisticated theorists like Habermas, who I later want to bring into this discussion. For the German, the lack of critical framing that grounded theory represents is a crucial shortcoming that needs to be addressed methodologically. I will begin this by first discussing methodological treatment of settings and context. 1.1.2 Accounting for context with mental models and ethnographic methods The cognitive patterns that underlie social behavior are not easily accessible to the researcher. Conceptualizing mental models that can account for communicative behavior in a way that relates to settings and context must represent basic notions of cognition such as ideology, knowledge and values. Ideologies in the sense used here, are general and abstract, principle based, axiomatic beliefs, while knowledge are the actual facts and beliefs held as true. Attitudes are taken to comprise opinion, beliefs, feelings, and intentions about specific issues, typically socially shared (see also Leiserowitz, Kates, Parris, 2006). A mental model then, is the categorical understanding constructed from ideologies, knowledge, and attitudes of specific contexts and situations. An accompanying notion is that of group knowledge as those social beliefs that which a group, or imagined community, holds to be true according to its own evaluation or verification (truth) criteria (eg science) and which can be doubted by outsiders. But such cultural, common ground knowledge is not challenged within groups, and is presupposed in public discourse, even when they are shifting as are the notions of conservation, environment and sustainability did that were discussed. 1.1.2.1 Context models as subjective representation To study context and its relation to subjective meanings, ethnographic approaches hold most promise as they work with subjective representation and group knowledge processes (e.g. Descola, 1996; Wolfe Yang, 1996). Such a view is also interested in how context structures social relations (communicative and interactional), social dynamics (group membership and interaction). But it also brings another interest relevant to the study of participation, of how cognition has a role in terms of framing goals, knowledge and other beliefs of participants in deliberation. The notion of context is used in scholarship as ambiguously as ‘environment is in wider discourses. To be able to treat it as an analytical object needs a basic model. By defining contexts and contextualization in terms of mental models and their role in discourse production and comprehension, this can account not only for the role of social representations such as attitudes and ideologies in discourse, but also allows a more subjective explanation of discourse and its variation in terms of personal mental models. The empirical studies will demonstrate this. Van Dijk (2001) sees context as a model of relevance that shapes actors opinions and actions. He recognizes that context is subjective and individual and with that is ideologically based and has coherence within group discourse. Thus, context models are subjective representations of social situation, including communicative events they define what is relevant. This makes an account of context critical for understanding participation. And subjective context framing may be ideologically biased. 1.1.2.2 Frames of referenceand the ‘black box of mental models The concept of frame of reference is also used commonly used to refer to the cognitive effect of contextual models (Swaffield, 1998). It describes and categorizes the attitudes displayed by individuals when discussing a management issue. The framing concepts in this study were defined as follows: A frame of reference is an analytical model of attitudes concerning a resource policy or management issue. A personal frame of reference refers to the attitudes expressed by an individual. A common frame of reference refers to the distinctive pattern of attitudes that is common to a number of individuals. However, there is no claim that the frame of reference as defined here represents cognitive processes. Rather, it is a model of the attitudes openly expressed by individuals when discussing an issue. A basic problem that remains, is that context, subjectivities and cognition remain inaccessible to a researcher. A ‘black box model of subjective context therefore lacks explanatory relevance. But as the subject of deliberation, context circumscribes the cognitive boundaries of actors ‘mentalities. For van Dijk (2001), the advantage of such an approach is that it accounts not only for the role of social representations, such as attitudes and ideologies in discourse, but also allows a more subjective explanation of discourse and its variation in terms of personal mental models. And since contexts are by definition unique and personal, context models of framings precisely allow an individual approach to contextualization to be combined with a more social one, in which shared representations, groups, and other societal aspects play a prominent role. 1.1.3 Boundaries: Locating and moving across by following, pushing or re-imagining phenomena ## I will begin with the premise that the totality of relations in a socio-ecological geography are meaningful, that is the relations between people, places and things. And that the inverse of relationships are distinctions that coalesce to form boundaries between categories and instances. This is worth emphasizing since the recognition that boundaries constrain meaning can draw attention to the contrived and therefore limiting nature of abstraction. How this premise will permit established abstraction and meanings to be questioned, fragmented and reassembled is the work that this chapter will begin and will be completed in the methodological chapter that follows. The first boundary to highlight and that can show what is meant by transgressing distinctions consists of the separation of human from non-human nature. Imagining environmental governance reform as regulating the entry of humans into nature and the export of non-human resources out of nature is counter-intuitive to any gardener. Fence lines, compost bins and patio seating all blur the boundaries. Self-identity for many derives from emotional attachments to home and garden, nurturing roles that a vegetable plot reinforces and status that manicured lawns or urban bio-diversity islands respectively can demonstrate. Thus the domain of interest should not be a non-human nature as an object of human intervention but instead a nature as a geography of human relations that are linked to an environment through diverse interests. This is a geography that is physically located in both the commons and in private property another paired abstraction that will prove to be divided by a blurred boundary. But this is also a geography that exists in the social imagination as social, cultural or political objects. The environment so seen can be conceived as the total of society-nature relations which relate to all material, subjective, cognitive, political, and other interests or dimensions. The challenge then becomes not in naming these complex relations but in thinking about them, in framing them. 1.1.4 Environmental governance as an adjustable lens [## develop] The first conceptual tool to prepare will thus be the notion of environmental governance as an adjustable lens. Rather than using the literature in an inevitably selective manner to stabilize the meaning of this concept at least for the duration of this discussion, I will adopt a counter-strategy of reinforcing the ambiguity of the notion and employing it with shifting meanings to approach the research problem from different scales, extension and perspectives. Environmental governance is a category of practices and ideas that are of interest to several perspectives. As a domain of practice it is the concern of academic text books (Durant, Fiorino, OLeary, 2004; Hempel, 1996; Kettl, 2002; Levy Newell, 2005) as much as ministerial policy statements {Ministry of the Environment 2000, 2003}, international donor policy, and publications of environmental agencies. In practice, actually relating good governance to ecological outcomes is near impossible. Choosing one arbitrary example from international experience, an in-depth evaluation of different forest management governance regimes in Madagascar showed how there were enormous difficulties in explaining the dynamics and assessing measures of sustainability and equity (McConnell Sweeney). The term of environmental governance can be encountered in a range of contexts. In a recent survey of issues in environmental policy and management Durant et al (ibid.) identify key topics in environmental governance as sustainability, the precautionary principle, common-pool resource theory, deliberative democracy, civic environmentalism, environmental justice, property rights, environmental conflict resolution, devolution, among others. This has introduced a range of perspectives from environmental economics, democratic theory, public policy, law, political science, and public administration. In effect, environmental governance does not so much represent a theoretical field or a professional discipline, but a theme of shared concerns in scholarship and applied practice. This chapter will consider how environmental governance can be re-approached by detaching it from the portfolio of resource managers and relocating it within a wider arena of development and democratic practices. In the development field the notion that the public, stakeholders or local people have an important role in environmental governance is emphasized. Environmental governance includes the structures (e.g. management regimes), organizational forms (e.g. farmer research teams, water user associations), processes (e.g. multi-stakeholder dialogue), actors and rules (e.g. negotiated access rights and boundaries) that determine how resources are managed at international, national and local levels. (International Development Research Centre) Aside from government agencies and development practitioners, scholars will also characterize contemporary environmental governanceas a â€Å"collaborative approach to policy formulation and implementation†(Durant et al., 2004, pp. 22-23). Environmental governance therefore is relevant to several different fields of interest to scholars and can be framed in several ways. In the first instance, environmental governance is political and so a subject of political inquiry. This opens up a diverse body of literature to employ in developing an approach to environmental governance. Another dimension that arises out of the political, and that the following discussion shows to be explicitly present, is deliberative democracy. But the most promising approach to begin to problematize environmental governance lies with the notion of development and its contemporary manifestation as sustainable development, particularly its application by foreign agents in local settings. Each of these dim ensions embodies unresolved tensions tensions that can also be encountered in many sites of social theory and practice which centre on epistemological concerns. It may also be useful to think in terms of environmental governance as a body of political theory, as Humphrey has done (2007), that has a central focus upon environmental concerns as these relate to democracy, justice, globalization, political economy, freedom, the welfare state, and other aspects of political life. This body of work is no longer as closely related to the environmental ethics and values of nature of a deep ecology, but is more integrated into mainstream political theory. For the purpose of this discussion, I will develop the notion of environmental governance as a conceptual tool to approach the research problem from different scales, extension and perspectives. The complementary notions of environmental governance offer entry points into related literatures and cultures of practice: Environmental Democracy, Environmental Reform, Environmental Collaboration, and Environmental Sustainability. Environmental governance can thus best be treated as both as assembly of practice and as a body of theory that is doing political work. To reconnect theory and practice will be the task of this chapter. 1.1.5 We are being ‘participated again: An incomplete typology of participative approaches There is an emerging consensus that the public need to be more involved in the processes of environmental decision making. From the international arena exemplified in documents such as Agenda 21 and the initiatives of the World Bank to national government policy initiatives, local policy and planning systems such as the New Zealand Resource Management Act, and in the discourses of actors including scientists and business groups, a role for public participation has been instituted (Davies, 2002). Implicit in the idea of participation is that the initiative lies with the reformers, the change-makers to approach the public with a project to respond to. From the perspective of an un-associated citizen, the prospect of another round of workshops and discussion groups events that have become familiar to many villagers in target zones of international aid the process is passive and invites the expression not surprisingly encountered in developing nations of ‘we are being participated again. The notion of taking part in environmental decision-making and in contrast to an authority taking top-down action is taken up by a wide range of terms and practices. Participation in the social science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision making then infers a level of proportionate decision making power and can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (e.g. participatory economics), political (e.g. participatory democracy), cultural (e.g. communalism) or familial (e.g. Feminism). In practice, the term participation applies to processes initiated by an agency seeking to initiate a project or introduce reform. It thus becomes critical to ask, who is invited to participate, and by whom. What regulatory requirements may apply, is there precedent, and what resources are available are only some of the parameters that the term participation by itself does not convey. In the government sector, at least in New Zealand, the word consultation is frequently used to describe a range of processes to engage with the community i.e. citizens and citizen associations. These range from the prescribed processes in the Local Government Act (2002) such as the special consultative procedure (section 83) to informal processes such as e-mail chat groups or anecdotal local knowledge. In this report, the term consultation will be used in a broad sense to include any form of government agency engagement with local communities, including activities carried out by an authority to inform itself of community views as well as specific consultation exercises. Collaboration is another category that carries the notion to work jointly with others or together especially in an intellectual endeavour. The sense that will be used here, emphasises the absence of authority, a consensual decision making process with respect to an established domain. Dispute resolution is a related practice that seeks to reduce differences or to seek a solution when a conflict situation exists. When the services of a third party are utilized, this is often referred to as mediation. These categories denote some of the dimensions that structure relationships in public involvement: consultation as an exercise in information exchange, participation implying a direct input into deliberation over decisions linked to